法定犯的违法性依据:制度性活动中的权力运用  

The Basis For Criminal Illegality of Mala Prohibita Crimes:The Use of Power in Institutional Activities

作　　者：王广利 WANG Guangli

机构地区：[1]山东大学法学院 [2]山东大学检察理论研究中心

出　　处：《苏州大学学报(法学版)》2025年第1期53-66,共14页Journal of Soochow University:Law Edition

基　　金：江苏高校哲学社会科学研究重大项目“法定犯时代下行刑衔接的实体问题研究”(项目编号:2023SJZD002)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：澄清前置国家规定与刑法的界限是法定犯违法性理论的课题。与自然犯不同,法定犯保护制度性活动,而国家规定是制度性活动的构成性要素。集体法益理论误解了制度性活动的意义,难以划清刑法与前置法的界限。刑法与前置法保护法益的方式不一样:刑法确保国家内公民的自主地位,前置法是公民在获得该地位后,赋予公民开展各种活动的权利和义务。因此,刑法是前置法的逻辑前提。公民的自主地位要求公民不受任何形式的强制和权力支配。法定犯的违法性依据在于制度活动中的参与者滥用或冒用制度赋予的权力压制其他制度参与者。行政法和刑法都规制制度性活动,但行政法关注制度性关系,而刑法仅关注其中的权力关系。自然犯和法定犯都侵犯了公民的自主地位,但自然犯是利用个人的力量优势,而法定犯是利用结构性的权力优势。法定犯要求立法者将更容易滥用或冒用权力的一方入罪;法定犯的认定需要考虑制度中的权力结构,并根据权力对等的原理分配风险和义务。The boundary between administrative law and criminal law is particularly evident in mala prohibita crimes.Unlike mala in re crimes,which are intrinsically wrong and harmful,mala prohibita crimes primarily safeguard institutional activities,with state regulations forming their foundational elements.The collective interest theory,however,misunderstands the nature of institutional activities and fails to effectively distinguish between criminal law and administrative law.While both areas of law protect legal interests,they do so in fundamentally different ways.Criminal law primarily ensures the individual’s membership and protection within the political community,while administrative law governs the rights of citizens to engage in various activities within that community.Citizenship,in this context,signifies a freedom from coercion and domination by power.The rationale for mala prohibita crimes lies in the abuse of power within institutional activities,where participants misuse their authority to oppress others.Both administrative and criminal law regulate institutional activities,but while administrative law focuses on the institutional aspect,criminal law addresses the power dynamics involved.Although both mala in se and mala prohibita crimes infringe upon citizenship,the former typically arise from personal gain,while the latter stem from abuses of institutional power.As such,mala prohibita crimes demand that legislators target those more likely to exploit power,and that judges consider the structure of power within institutions when allocating risks,in line with the principle of equality of power.

关 键 词：国家规定 前置法 集体法益 经济犯罪 刑事违法性 

分 类 号：D924[政治法律—刑法学]