论行政相对人违法的法律推定  

On the Legal Presumption of Administrative Counterpart

作　　者：董浩洋 肖泽晟[1,3] DONG Haoyang;XIAO Zesheng

机构地区：[1]南京大学法学院 [2]南京传媒学院马克思主义学院 [3]南京大学江苏省行政审判案例研究基地

出　　处：《苏州大学学报(法学版)》2025年第1期77-88,共12页Journal of Soochow University:Law Edition

摘　　要：在当事人拒不配合调查或检查的情况下,依然将行政处罚过程中的举证责任全部交由行政机关承担,可能会导致案件事实无法查清。为借助有举证能力的当事人的力量及时查明案件事实,督促其积极、主动地履行配合调查的义务,降低行政成本,按照公平分配举证责任的要求,有必要在法律上设立特定情形下推定行政相对人违法的规则,由行政相对人承担证明自己没有实施违法行为的举证责任。法律上可明确规定,行政相对人同时具备以下两种或者两种以上情形的,推定其违法事实成立:一是对违法行为发生场所具有绝对控制权;二是直接从违法行为中获益;三是拒不配合调查或检查。但是,行政相对人能够举证证明自己不存在主观过错的,不得推定违法事实成立。In situations where parties refuse to cooperate with the investigation or inspection,the burden of proof in administrative punishment remains with the administrative body,which may hinder the ascertainment of the facts.To facilitate the timely discovery of facts and encourage the parties’active cooperation in providing evidence,it is crucial to establish legal rules that fairly allocate the burden of proof.urge them to actively and actively fulfill the obligation of cooperating with the investigation,and reduce the administrative costs.In accordance with the requirements of fair distribution of the burden of proof,it is necessary to set up legal rules to assume that the administrative counterpart violates the law under specific circumstances,and the administrative counterpart shall bear the burden of proof to prove that he has not committed the illegal act.The law may clearly stipulate that if the administrative counterpart has the following two or more circumstances at the same time,the illegal facts shall be presumed to be established:Firstly,they have absolute control over the location where the illegal act occured;secondly,they directly benefit from the illegal behavior;and thirdly,they refuse to cooperate with the investigation.However,if the administrative counterpart can prove a lack of subjective fault,the illegal conducts shall not be presumed.

关 键 词：行政相对人 违法 法律推定 举证责任 绝对控制权 

分 类 号：D922.1[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]