新质生产力下基因专利保护的理论定位与制度设计  

Theoretical positioning and institutional design of gene patent protection under new quality productivity

作　　者：李健 LI Jian

机构地区：[1]南京大学法学院 [2]美国威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校法学院

出　　处：《苏州大学学报(法学版)》2025年第1期125-138,共14页Journal of Soochow University:Law Edition

基　　金：国家留学基金委“国家建设高水平大学公派研究生项目”(项目编号:202406190110);2023年江苏省研究生科研创新计划项目“基因的专利保护研究”(项目编号:KYCX23_0017)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：基因技术是新质生产力发展的关键着力点。专利制度作为配置新质生产要素的核心工具,与基因新质生产力之间的理论关联及其制度优化路径尚待厘清。在理论定位上,就生产力而言,基因专利是生产力的重要组成部分;就生产关系而言,专利制度是驱动基因技术融入市场经济体系的基本法律保障。全球演进历程表明,基因专利保护的深度和广度都在减弱。基于此,应从三个维度优化我国基因专利制度:其一,提高审查标准,排除对不具有明确遗传功能基因序列的专利保护;其二,完善基因数据利用规则,设立研究行为的豁免条款并授予基因数据挖掘衍生性成果专利权;其三,健全市场体制机制,完善基因专利要素定价以提高市场效率,同时保留政府宏观调控权限以防范市场失灵风险。Gene technology is a key driver in the development of new quality productivity.As a core tool for allocating elements of new quality productivity,the theoretical connection between the patent system and gene-based productivity,along with the pathway for its institutional optimisation,remains underexplored.From a theoretical perspective,gene patents constitute an important component of productivity,while,in terms of production relations,the patent system provides essential legal safeguards for integrating gene technology into the market economy.Global trends indicate that both the depth and scope of gene patent protection are diminishing.In response,China’s gene patent system should be optimised along three key dimensions:firstly,by raising examination standards to exclude patents for gene sequences lacking clear genetic functions;secondly,by refining the rules governing the utilisation of gene data,establishing exemptions for research activities,and granting patents for derivative products of gene data mining;and thirdly,by enhancing market mechanisms,refining the pricing of gene patent elements to improve market efficiency,while retaining government oversight to mitigate the risks of market failure.

关 键 词：基因 新质生产力 专利保护 开放共享 

分 类 号：D923.42[政治法律—民商法学]