明清时期宁波的航运技术与商业经营  

The shipping technology and commercial operations in Ningbo during the Ming and Qing Dynasties

作　　者：黄小莉 张佩国 HUANG Xiaoli;ZHANG Peiguo(School of Humanities,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 400240,P.R.China)

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学人文学院,上海400240

出　　处：《重庆大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第1期178-190,共13页Journal of Chongqing University(Social Science Edition)

摘　　要：地处长江三角洲和东海之滨的宁波有着悠久的舟船文化,从萧山跨湖桥、河姆渡遗址出土的独木舟、木桨到宋代出使高丽的国信海船,均能表明古宁波造船技术的高水平。然而,进入大航海时代,中国古代的造船和航海技术仿佛失去了昔日的荣光。学界关于16世纪以来的中国船舶技术及帆船运输业研究或多或少带有“技术停滞论”或“制度阻碍论”的倾向,即某种程度上认为李约瑟“中国人在15世纪所取得的成就在技术上并没有形成革命性的突破”的论断具有合理性。但回溯唐宋至明清时期的宁波航运史,其技术之发展不能被视为停滞,它是一个知识和技术的沟通、结合、调试的复杂历史过程。事实上,要理解造船技术对宁波社会的作用,必须将视野超出纯粹的技术领域,而考虑其作为一整套技术或技术体系之间的相互作用。若以宁波航运为研究线索,在制度变迁的历史过程中考察明清以来宁波船舶技术与商业经营的发展,会发现宁波继承了唐宋以来的航运技术传统。船舶持续为宁波商人的商业经营提供技术支持,而作为技能和经验载体的商人又为船舶和航运技术改进营造了内在动力。换言之,船运技术本身并不是一个封闭的系统,其发展演变同时也蕴涵了商业制度和贸易网络的制度变迁,甚或,技术的选择和改进是商业实践的题中应有之义,因此,航运技术也蕴含在商业制度变迁的整体历史实践中。正是技术与商业经营之间复杂的关系,使宁船和甬籍船商能够灵活适应变局,在转向近代化航运业的浪潮中把握先机。Located in the Yangtze River Delta and the coast of the East China Sea,Ningbo has a long history of boat culture,from the Xiaoshan cross-lake bridge,the canoes and wooden oars unearthed from the Hemudu ruins to the Song Dynasty Guoxin sea boats,which can show the high level of ancient Ningbo shipbuilding technology.However,in the Age of Discovery,ancient China’s shipbuilding and navigation technology seemed to have lost its former glory.Academic research on China’s ship technology and sailing industry since the 16th century has more or less views of technological stagnation or institutional obstruction,that is,to a certain extent,Joseph Needham’s assertion that the achievements of the Chinese in the 15th century did not form a revolutionary breakthrough in technology is reasonable.However,looking back at the history of Ningbo shipping from the Tang and Song dynasties to the Ming and Qing dynasties,the development of its technology cannot be regarded as stagnant,it is a complex historical process of communication,combination and debugging of knowledge and technology.In fact,to understand the role of shipbuilding technology in Ningbo society,it is necessary to look beyond the purely technical field and consider the interaction between them as a set of technologies or technological systems.If we take Ningbo shipping as a research clue and investigate the development of Ningbo’s shipping technology and business operation since the Ming and Qing dynasties in the historical process of institutional change,we will find that Ningbo has inherited the shipping technology tradition since the Tang and Song dynasties.Ships continue to provide technical support for the business operations of Ningbo merchants,and the merchants,as carriers of skills and experience,create an internal impetus for the improvement of ship and shipping technology.In other words,shipping technology itself is not a closed system,and its evolution also implies institutional changes in commercial institutions and trade networks.It can even be sai

关 键 词：宁波商人 航运技术 制度变迁 朝贡贸易 条约体系 商业经营 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]