立法中权利规定的语言范式研究  

Research on the Linguistic Paradigms of Rights Provisions in Legislation

作　　者：张恒山 ZHANG Heng-shan

机构地区：[1]天津大学法学院

出　　处：《行政法学研究》2025年第2期80-100,共21页Administrative Law Review

基　　金：2022年度研究国家社科基金党的十九届六中全会精神重大项目“弘扬社会主义法治精神”(项目批准号:22ZDA072)。

摘　　要：科学立法需要科学地、恰当地规定权利。这种权利规定除了要符合公平正义这一根本目的之外,在语言形式上的要求就是用语精准、语义明确、行为导向明晰。这要求立法者必须注意权利规定所使用的一般语言范式和特殊语言范式,坚持以明确的行为作为权利载体,避免以某种利益、以具体实物、以某种价值作为权利载体。为避免立法中权利概念呈现自我矛盾的两种语义,需要在立法中引入“法益”概念。以“法益”来统称那些需要以对他人的义务规定来提供保护或提供满足的被动性利益,它们包括“本益”“名益”“公益”和“权益”。Scientific legislation demands that rights be stipulated in a scientific and proper manner.Besides conforming to the fundamental objective of fairness and justice,the requirements for the language form of rights provisions are precise expressions,clear semantics,and distinct behavior-orientation.This requires legislators to take heed of both the general and special linguistic paradigms employed in rights provisions,adhere to definite actions as the carriers of rights,and refrain from using certain interests,specific physical objects or certain values as rights carriers.In order to prevent the concept of right in legislation from exhibiting self-contradictory semantics,it is necessary to introduce the concept of“legal interests”in legislation.“Legal interests”are used to collectively refer to passive interests that need to be protected or satisfied by stipulating obligations on others,which include“intrinsic interests”,“reputational interests”,“public interests”,and“equity interests”.

关 键 词：权利规定 一般语言范式 特殊语言范式 权利载体 法益 

分 类 号：H0-05[语言文字—语言学] D90[政治法律—法学理论]