渤海戈尔巴特卡城址的家户  

Households of Bohai Gorbatka Walled Town

作　　者：格尔曼·叶甫盖尼娅·伊万诺夫娜 何雨濛(翻译) Gelman Evgenia Ivanovna

机构地区：[1]俄罗斯科学院远东分院远东民族历史·考古·民族研究所

出　　处：《北方文物》2025年第1期59-66,共8页Northern Cultural Relics

摘　　要：俄罗斯滨海边疆区戈尔巴特卡城址的发掘成果为研究伊利斯塔亚河河谷(滨海边疆区)早期中世纪居民的经济活动提供了基础。该城址是渤海国的一处大型行政中心。研究目的是明确家户在戈尔巴特卡城址长期稳定运转中所起的作用。为了对发掘的房址及附近空间进行全面研究,利用地层分析法和浮选法,进行了地质学调查,并且对植物遗存、陆地哺乳动物骨骼、鱼骨和贝壳进行分析。家户中的居民从事多种自然经济活动,其中,农业占据主导地位。副业(狩猎、捕鱼、采集)与家户手工业(骨器制造、编织、石器加工、木料加工、手制陶器制造)保障了多数生存必需资源的获取。此外,一些家户专门进行有色金属加工,可能还有小规模的铁器修理。然而,黑色及有色金属的冶炼与陶器生产是在家户范围之外的专业作坊中进行的。本地不出产的食物资源(海产品和来自渤海其他地区的贵重产品)与非食物资源(“进口”商品)通过本地交换、国内行政区域间贸易和对外贸易三种贸易交换形式被输送至此。家户中的经济活动规划与经济年周期内必需的集体劳动,共同保障了城址相对稳定的运转。城市保障了进献渤海中心地区贡税的征收(在家户中是以产品的形式)以及贸易通路的安全。The excavation results of the Gorbatka walled town in Primorye,Russia,provide a foundation for studying the economic activities of early medieval residents in the Ilistaya River Valley (Primorye).The site represents a major administrative center of the Bohai State.The purpose of the research is to clarify the role of households in the stable functioning of the Gorbatka walled town as part of the administrative-territorial system of the Bohai for a long time.To achieve a comprehensive study of excavated dwellings and adjacent spaces,stratigraphic analysis,flotation methods,and geological surveys were employed.Analyses were also conducted on plant remains,terrestrial mammal bones,fish bones,and shells.The inhabitants of the households led a diversified subsistence economy,in which the leading role belonged to agriculture.Hunting,fishing,collecting wild plants and shellfish and home crafts (bone carving,weaving,woodworking,stoneworking,production of handmade ceramic) products provided most of the resources needed for survival.Besides,households specialized in bronze casting craft,and possibly repaired iron products on a small scale.However,the smelting of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and the production of weel-made pottery took place in specialized workshops outside households.Resources not locally produced,including food items (sea fish and shellfish,prestigious goods from other regions of Bohai) and non-food items (imported goods) came as a result of local,interregional and international exchanges.Planning domestic economic activities at home,combined with the implementation of the necessary public works during the economic year,ensured a relatively stable functioning of the walled-town in the administrative-territorial system of the Bohai state.The town ensured the collection of taxes in households (manufactured products) to the central regions of the state,and also controlled over the safety of trade routes.

关 键 词：俄罗斯滨海边疆区 中世纪 渤海国 古代经济 家户手工业 

分 类 号：K871.43[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]