论习惯国际法的识别与解释——以2022年“尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚案”为中心  

On the Identification and Interpretation of Customary International Law——Centred on the Nicaragua v.Colombia Case in 2022

作　　者：金永明 张景惠 JIN Yongming;ZHANG Jinghui(School of International Affairs and Public Administration,Ocean University of China,Qingdao 266100,China;School of Law,Ocean University of China,Qingdao 266100,China)

机构地区：[1]中国海洋大学国际事务与公共管理学院,山东青岛266100 [2]中国海洋大学法学院,山东青岛266100

出　　处：《中国海商法研究》2025年第1期3-15,共13页Chinese Journal of Maritime Law

基　　金：2018年度国家社科基金重大研究专项(18VFH010)。

摘　　要：《联合国海洋法公约》与习惯国际法紧密依存,国际法院正加速对其条款习惯法属性的肯定。在识别习惯国际法的司法实践上,基于考察“一般惯例”和“法律确信”要素的“归纳法”难以全面适用,本质上的主观选择性和外在形式上的客观公正性构成国际法院的裁判逻辑主线。其中,在《联合国海洋法公约》第7条第1款的属性识别上,2022年“尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚案”判决实质上采用的“断言”方法是该逻辑运用的结果,也是国际法院追求《联合国海洋法公约》普遍性的“效率”体现。同时,习惯国际法的“识别”与“解释”存在阶段性区分,与该案相关的判决内容也贯穿一致的司法能动主义。在具体解释上,该案对《联合国海洋法公约》第7条第1款的解释属于对条款原有文义的实质突破,构成司法造法,相关判决结果在司法造法规律上还呈现出较大可能的沿袭趋势。对此,中国学界有必要对国际法院的相关裁判动向予以持续关注。The close interdependence between the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS)and customary international law has a potential impact on the internal logic of the International Court of Justice in identifying customary international law,and the Court is accelerating its affirmation of the customary law nature of the provisions of the UNCLOS.In the judicial practice of identifying customary international law,it is difficult to fully apply the inductive method based on the elements of“a general practice”and“opinio juris”.The theoretical objectivity and impartiality of the method is often met with difficulties in its application in real international judicial practice,and intrinsic selectivity in nature and objective impartiality in outward form constitute the main lines of the judgment logic of the Court.In the identification of the attribute of Article 7,Paragraph 1 of the UNCLOS,the“assertion”method adopted in the judgment of Nicaragua v.Colombia Case in 2022 is the result of the application of this logic and the“efficiency”embodiment of the Court in pursuing the universality of the UNCLOS.However,the quality of judicial activity always represents the authority of the Court.Even if the unanimous consent of the parties gives the relevant judgments a fair appearance,the cumulative application of the“assertion”method without specific argumentation process will also cause substantial damage to the judicial credibility of the Court.“Identification”and“interpretation”of customary international law are distinguishable stages.The concept of“interpretation”in the legal sense is limited to the stage of determination of scope following the identification of customary law,and the tendency to apply the inductive method,as formally expressed in the Nicaragua v.Colombia Case judgement on the straight baselines,also stems from the confusion between“identification”and“interpretation”of customary international law.At the same time,in Nicaragua v.Colombia Case,the subjective arb

关 键 词：习惯国际法的识别 《联合国海洋法公约》 “尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚案” 司法造法 直线基线 

分 类 号：D993.5[政治法律—国际法学]