气候变化背景下《联合国海洋法公约》的制度挑战和功能定位——从国际海洋法法庭“气候咨询案”出发  

The Institutional Challenges and Functional Positioning of the UNCLOS in the Context of Climate Change——Starting from the Request for an Advisory Opinion Submitted to the ITLOS

作　　者：李洁[1] LI Jie(School of International Law,Northwest University of Political Science and Law,Xi’an 710122,China)

机构地区：[1]西北政法大学国际法学院,陕西西安710122

出　　处：《中国海商法研究》2025年第1期33-42,共10页Chinese Journal of Maritime Law

基　　金：2022年度陕西省教育厅专项科研计划项目“国家管辖外海域生物多样性全球治理的规则体系演进及中国因应研究”(22JK0200)。

摘　　要：全球气候治理与国际海洋法制度之间的交织愈加明显,小岛屿国家气候变化和国际法委员会也将气候变化相关问题提交至国际海洋法法庭寻求咨询意见。这一司法尝试在程序上和实体上都引起了诸多争议,对现有国际法基础和海洋规则体系形成一定挑战。虽然《联合国海洋法公约》可对气候变化减缓和适应起到一定积极作用,但是仅依靠海洋法制度全面调整“海洋—气候”议题存在明显的理论鸿沟和现实困境。相比之下,“以气候变化制度为主,以海洋治理体系为辅”的路径更具可行性。中国今后应当多角度地加强气候议题与海洋议题的协同发展,在从近海走向远海和深海的基础上,进一步寻求建设海洋强国和担当气候治理负责任大国的双赢共荣。In recent years,global climate governance and international ocean regime have gradually become intertwined.Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law(the Commission)submitted issues related to climate change to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea(ITLOS)on 12 December 2022,requesting the Tribunal to issue an advisory opinion.The Commission requested the Tribunal to give an advisory opinion on the following questions:What are the specific obligations of State Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS),including under Part XII:(a)to prevent,reduce and control pollution of the marine environment in reaction to the deleterious effects that result or are likely to result from climate change,including through ocean warming and sea level rise,and ocean acidification,which are caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere?(b)to protect and preserve the marine environment in relation to climate change impacts,including ocean warming and sea level rise,and ocean acidification?This judicial attempt involves procedural and substantive issues,which challenged existing international legal basis and ocean rule system.In terms of procedural issues,the most prominent one is the“advisory jurisdiction dispute”,that is,there are obvious differences among countries on whether the ITLOS has the jurisdiction to accept the application for an advisory opinion.Although the ITLOS officially issued an advisory opinion on climate and oceans on 21 May 2024 and it clearly stated that the Tribunal has jurisdiction to give the advisory opinion requested by the Commission from a long-term perspective,in order to avoid uncertain spillover effects and possible chain reactions,the Tribunal’s exercise of its advisory functions should be comprehensively evaluated and treated with caution.In terms of substantive issues,the interpretation of the obligation to“protect and preserve the marine environment”in PartⅫof the UNCLOS is very critical.The Tri

关 键 词：气候变化 海洋可持续发展 《联合国海洋法公约》 

分 类 号：D993.5[政治法律—国际法学]