公共数据“三权分置”路径的理论证成与具体展开  

Theoretical Justification and Concrete Implementation of the Path of“Tripartite Rights Separation”for Public Data

作　　者：叶明[1] 朱佳佳 YE Ming;ZHU Jiajia(School of Economic Law,Southwest University of Political Science and Law,Chongqing 401120,China)

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学经济法学院,重庆401120

出　　处：《中国海商法研究》2025年第1期43-55,共13页Chinese Journal of Maritime Law

基　　金：2023年度国家社科基金重大项目“数字经济时代竞争政策定位与反垄断问题研究”(23&ZD076);2023年度国家社科基金一般项目“个人信息的竞争法保护疑难问题研究”(23BFX186)。

摘　　要：公共数据确权问题关涉公共数据能否安全、高效地流通利用,故成为当前社会治理热点问题。公共数据可确权具有充分的事实依据和规范依据,并逐渐衍生出行为规制路径与确权路径、传统确权路径与新型确权路径的争议,但各路径皆有诸多缺漏。“三权分置”路径作为其中的主流路径,其适用于公共数据确权仍有待理论证成与具体解构。在理论证成方面,从经济学视域观之,其不仅可降低交易成本以提升产权效率,也可避免陷入“公地悲剧”与“反公地悲剧”以实现利用均衡;从法学视域析之,其区分权利客体以实现公共数据分类分级确权,辨别权利主体以保障与平衡来源者、持有者和使用者的利益,分设权利内容以兼顾安全与效率价值。在内容构造方面,数据资源持有权以公共机构对公共数据资源的合法持有为成立要件,包括管理和流转权能;数据加工使用权以使用者对公共数据集合的合法取得为成立要件,涵盖加工和使用权能;数据产品经营权以数据产品持有者对数据产品的合法持有为成立要件,包含管理、使用、处分和收益权能。The confirmation of public data rights constitutes a critical foundation for ensuring secure and efficient circulation and utilization of public data,positioning it as a pivotal issue in contemporary social governance.The confirmation of public data rights fundamentally originates from its propertization potential.The nonexcludability,nonconsumptiveness and utility nature of public data collectively establish its use value,while its nonscarcity nature generates its exchange value,so these factors create the factual foundation for the propertization of public data.Furthermore,the formulation of numerous policies and legislative instruments provides critical normative legitimacy for the propertization of public data.Therefore,the confirmation of public data rights possesses substantial factual and normative basis.Based on the premise that public data can be subject to right confirmation,both theoretical and practical circles have gradually given rise to debates between the regulatory approaches and the empowerment approaches,as well as between the traditional paths and the innovative paths for right confirmation.However,each approach has significant limitations.For instance,the regulatory approaches essentially evade the challenge of right confirmation,remaining a form of nonstandardized confirmation of property rights,the traditional paths struggle to comprehensively cover and govern confirmation of public data rights,while the innovative paths may suffer from superficial implementation or premature advancement.The path of“tripartite rights separation”,as the predominant rights confirmation pathway,can be selected as a breakthrough for confirmation of public data rights,but it still requires rigorous theoretical justification and detailed deconstruction for effective application to the confirmation of public data rights.From the economic dimension of theoretical justification,utilizing Coase theorem,the tragedy of the commons and the tragedy of the anticommons,this path not only optimizes property efficiency t

关 键 词：公共数据 “三权分置” 数据资源持有权 数据加工使用权 数据产品经营权 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]