特朗普现象是美国总统制的危机吗?  

Is the Trump Phenomenon a Crisis for the American Presidential System?

作　　者：李少文[1] LI Shaowen(Party School of the Central Committee of C.P.C(National School of Administration),Beijing,100091,China)

机构地区：[1]中共中央党校(国家行政学院),北京100091

出　　处：《太平洋学报》2025年第2期15-25,共11页Pacific Journal

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“合宪性审查的双重立法论证任务及其程序机制研究”(24BFX009)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：特朗普两度出任美国总统,都引起了全世界对美国政治制度的关注。从政治学角度看,这背后隐藏着总统制可能导致政治衰败的问题。美国总统制是“孟德斯鸠—麦迪逊”分权理论的结果。分权体制设定了总统具有较高权威和较大权力,在防范总统滥用权力时,也要保障总统正当行使其职权。目前看来,美国总统制仍是稳固的,并未突破分权体制,但仍存在着巨大挑战。特朗普现象的出现,是因为美国近年来面对着一系列政治危机,包括政府虚弱、政治极化、党争加剧等。特朗普登上政治舞台是美国政治制度自我调适的一种反应。相较于议会制,总统制体现了一定的宽度、韧性和稳定性,借助于此的特朗普政府能够加强治理、削弱政党,以及实现与法院共治。然而,在美国政治经济社会文化皆存在巨大分歧的背景下,特朗普的强势主张与鲜明个性有可能造成激烈对抗,冲击美国总统制所贯彻的共和精神。在第二个任期中,特朗普政府面对着如何重塑和恢复共和精神的挑战。Trump's two tenures as the President of the United States have attracted worldwide attention to the US political system.From a political science perspective,there is a hidden problem behind this that the presidential system may lead to a political decline.The US presidential system is the result of the MontesquieuMadison theory of separation of powers.The separation of powers system stipulates that the president has relatively high authority and great power.While guarding against the president's abuse of power,it is also necessary to ensure the president's legitimate exercise of his authority.So far,the US presidential system remains stable and has not broken through the separation of powers system,but it still faces huge challenges.In recent decades,the United States has faced a series of political crises,including weak government,political polarization and intensifying partisan strife.Trump's entry onto the political stage is a reaction of the selfadjustment of the US political system.Compared with the parliamentary system,the presidential system reflects a certain degree of breadth,resilience and stability.Relying on this,the Trump administration was able to strengthen governance,weaken political parties and achieve cogovernance with the courts.However,against the background of huge differences in the political,economic,social and cultural aspects of the United States,Trump's strong stance and distinctive personality are likely to cause fierce confrontations,having a potential to impact the republican spirit implemented by the US presidential system.In his second term,the Trump administration is facing the challenge of reshaping and restoring the republican spirit.

关 键 词：特朗普 总统制 分权 共和 

分 类 号：D921.01[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]