冷战后期美国对苏联的认知战及其当代启示  

US Cognitive Warfare against the Soviet Union in the Late Cold War and Its Contemporary Revelations

作　　者：史澎海 SHI Penghai

机构地区：[1]西安交通大学城市学院,陕西西安710018 [2]长安大学外国语学院,陕西西安710021

出　　处：《西南大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第1期251-265,307,共16页Journal of Southwest University(Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：陕西省社会科学基金项目“冷战时期美国对发展中国家的宣传战研究”(2023G002),项目负责人:史澎海。

摘　　要：认知战是指一个国家或国家集团通过影响目标国民众的认知过程,渗透、削弱、征服或摧毁其认知机制,引发思维扭曲、改变认知水平、产生负面影响乃至改变一个国家颜色的行动模式。从里根政府开始,美国调整了对苏联的冷战战略,认知战逐渐取代心理战成为美国对苏联进行意识形态渗透进而改变苏联社会制度基础的新型武器。在这一战略引领下,美国借助其强大的软实力向苏联发起了认知战攻势,逐渐改变了苏联民众的传统认知以及苏联领导层的判断和决策,使苏联逐渐丧失了社会主义主流意识形态阵地,最终引发苏联国内动乱和解体。苏联的惨痛教训对当今中国具有十分重要的启示:我们必须重视对美国认知战的研究,加强国际传播能力建设,筑牢国家文化安全防线,提升外交战略主动性,强化网络空间与技术创新,稳健应对美国认知战,牢牢把握国际涉华舆论主导权,铸牢中华民族共同体意识。在中美战略博弈愈演愈烈的今天,我们必须以史为鉴,牢牢掌控马克思主义主流意识形态阵地和话语权,确保我国长治久安。Cognitive warfare,which refers to an action pattern in which a country or a group of countries influences the cognitive process of the people in the target country,infiltrates,weakens,conquers or destroys its cognitive mechanisms,triggers mental distortions,changes the cognitive level,produces negative impacts,and even changes the political complexion of a country.Starting from the Reagan Administration,the United States adjusted its Cold War strategy towards the Soviet Union.Cognitive warfare gradually replaced psychological warfare and became a new weapon for the States to carry out its ideological infiltration against the Soviet Union and further change the foundation of the Union's social system.Under the guidance of this strategy,the United States launched an severe cognitive warfare against the Soviet Union by virtue of its strong soft power.It gradually changed the traditional cognition of the Soviet people as well as the judgment and decision-making of the Soviet leadership.As a result,the Soviet Union gradually lost the position of the mainstream socialist ideology,eventually leading to domestic unrest and the demise of itself.The painful lessons of the Soviet Union have very important implications for China today:We must attach importance to the study of the US cognitive warfare,strengthen the construction of international communication capabilities,build a solid national cultural security defense,enhance the initiative of diplomatic strategies,strengthen cyber space and technological innovation,respond steadily to the US cognitive warfare,firmly grasp the dominant power of international public opinion related to China,and strengthen the sense of the Chinese nation's community.Today,as the strategic game between China and the United States is intensifying,we must learn from history,firmly control the position and discourse power of the mainstream Marxist ideology,and ensure the long-term stability of our country.

关 键 词：冷战 美国认知战 意识形态安全 文化安全 国际话语权 中华民族共同体 

分 类 号：G209[文化科学—传播学] D819[政治法律—国际关系] K153[政治法律—政治学]