《功令》与西汉早期官吏选任——兼论汉唐法律体系的变迁  

Gong Ling and the Selection of Officials in the Early Western Han Dynasty:On the Evolution of the Han-Tang Legal Systems and the Early Achievements of Chinese Political Civilization

作　　者：孙闻博[1] SUN Wen-bo

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学国学院、“古文字与中华文明传承发展工程”协同攻关创新平台,北京市100872

出　　处：《南京大学学报(哲学.人文科学.社会科学)》2025年第1期146-157,160,共13页Journal of Nanjing University(Philosophy,Humanities and Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目(24AZS001)。

摘　　要：张家山汉简M336《功令》对西汉早期依据功劳选任官吏有所规定。汉代《功令》是对“旁律”性质的《置吏律》的补充,不宜比附唐代《选举令》。汉《功令》与唐《选举令》性质地位有别,反映唐人对汉代法律体系已较陌生。与既往认识不同,汉代狱律、旁律、令、科品与唐代律、令、格、式在结构、分类和功能上具有较强对应性,分别属于刑罚类法律规定、行政制度法规、对前两类的补充、专项规章细则。汉唐法律体系变迁还呈现与汉唐诏书体系相近的发展线索。《功令》明确规定了中劳、中功的折算比为4∶1,功劳由“中功劳”“军功劳”构成综合性体系,并非仅是年资累积。《功令》中诸多原则可溯至秦,功劳文书存在上功劳、功将两类,阀阅簿、《编年记》墓主记录与上功劳文书存在关联,功将文书又是制作功次文书的主要参考。地方官吏以“史”为区分,形成两种迁转途径,均可由少吏升为长吏,令史一途的纵向流动更强。与荐举制、恩赐制不同,秦汉文官制度的特征是功绩制。《功令》所见超次迁升的机制创新,或可视作察举制度部分内容的先声。The Zhangjiashan Han Bamboo Slips(M336)contain a text titled Gong Ling(The Merit Regulations),which provides insights into the selection and appointment of officials based on merit in the early Western Han Dynasty.The Han Dynasty's Gong Ling served as a supplementary regulation to the Zhi Li Lu(The Law on Oficial Appointments),rather than being comparable to the Xuan Ju Ling(The Regulations on Official Selection)of the Tang Dynasty.The Tang legal scholars were already somewhat unfamiliar with the Han legal system,leading to later misinterpretations of Han legal codes.This study challenges previous views by demonstrating that the Han legal categories—Prison Laws,Supplementary Laws,Administrative Orders,and Specialized Regulationscorrespond structurally and functionally to the Tang system of Laws,Administrative Orders,Supplementary Regulations,and Procedural Statutes.The evolution of the Han-Tang legal system also parallels the development of imperial edicts in both dynasties.Gong Ling explicitly stipulates that the conversion ratio between zhong gong lao(civil merit)and jun gong lao(military merit)was set as 4:1.Merit was classified into comprehensive categories of civil merit and military merit,rather than being based solely on seniority.Many principles found in Gong Ling can be traced back to the Qin Dynasty.Official merit records included"merit submission documents"and merit officer Ddocuments,which were linked to genealogical records,tomb inscriptions,and bureaucratic archives.Local officials were classified as shi(secretary),distinguishing two separate promotion pathways.Low-ranking clerks could advance to senior officials through two routes,with the clerical path offering greater vertical mobility.Unlike the recommendation system and grace-based appointments of later dynasties,the Han bureaucracy was fundamentally merit-based.Gong Ling introduced exceptional promotions,a mechanism that may have served as an early prototype of the selection and recommendation system in later dynasties.

关 键 词：《功令》 汉唐法律体系 功劳 官吏选任 功绩制 

分 类 号：D929[政治法律—法学] K234[历史地理—历史学] K242[历史地理—中国史]