从“密折奏事”到“折后即行札咨”:清代督抚奏折使用的发展  

From"Using Mi-che to Report Events"to"Transmitting Tsou-che by Cha and Tzu Immediately after Submitting":The Development of the Use of Tsou-che by Governors in the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：梁艳萍 LIANG Yanping(Xinyang Normal University Library,Xinyang 464000,China)

机构地区：[1]信阳师范大学图书馆,信阳464000

出　　处：《档案学通讯》2025年第2期99-107,共9页Archives Science Bulletin

基　　金：河南省哲学社会科学规划一般项目“‘清代河南河工档案’整理与研究”(2023BZH007)。

摘　　要：“密折奏事”学界一般认为肇始于康熙时期,这一时期奏折只是君臣之间的私密文书,主要目的在于搜集情报。不过,从康熙帝将官员的奏折敕部即议到雍正帝通过奏折与督抚商讨重大政事的革新,就注定奏折不可能仅限于担当君臣间秘密联络的角色。奏折的发展有其自身的逻辑和趋势,并不以君臣的意志为转移。乾嘉时期督抚对“改题为奏”的推动,无疑促成了“题奏并行”的局面。当奏折成为一种公务文书,其保密性呈现出逐渐减弱的趋势,故清代中后期督抚奏折未待皇帝降旨就被札咨转行与奏折的保密性并不矛盾。转行奏折和谕旨的札咨文书,不仅可以揭示清代中后期督抚衙门政务由决策到施行的过程,而且对了解中央与地方权力结构的变化也大有裨益。The academic community generally believes that"using mi-che to report events"originated during the K'ang-hsi period,during which tsou-che were only private documents between monarchs and officials,with the main purpose of collecting intelligence.However,from K'ang-hsi's sending official's tsou-che to the imperial department to discuss to Yung-cheng's discussing major political reforms with governors through tsou-che,it was destined that tsou-che could not be limited to serving as a secret liaison between monarchs and officials.The development of tsou-che has its own logic and trend,and is not subject to the will of monarchs and officials.During the Qianjia period,the governor's promotion of"changing t'i-pen to tsou-che"undoubtedly facilitated the situation of"parallel t'pen and tsou-che".When tsou-che became official documents,their confidentiality gradually weakened.Therefore,the practice of the governors in the mid to late Qing Dynasty of"transmitting tsou-che by cha and tzu immediately after submitting"was not contradictory to the confidentiality of tsou-che.The cha-hsing and tzu-hsing of yichih and tsou-che can not only reveal the process of decision-making and implementation of local government affairs in the mid to late Qing Dynasty,but also greatly benefit the understanding of the changes in the power structure of the central and local governments.

关 键 词：总督 巡抚 题本 奏折 密折 札行 咨行 

分 类 号：C931.46[经济管理—管理学]