从四重生活结构重新理解唯物史观的社会结构论——基于马克思《〈政治经济学批判〉序言》的一个考察  

Re-Understanding the Theory of the Social Structure in the Materialistic Conception of History from the Fourfold Life Structures:Based on Marx's Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy

作　　者：徐长福[1] XU Chang-fu

机构地区：[1]中山大学马克思主义哲学与中国现代化研究所、哲学系暨实践哲学研究中心,广州510275

出　　处：《吉林大学社会科学学报》2025年第2期61-71,235,共12页Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目(23JJD720004)。

摘　　要：马克思的《〈政治经济学批判〉序言》扼要阐述了唯物史观的要点,尤其是社会结构论。该论通常被解释为“生产力→生产关系-经济基础→上层建筑”的三层构件说,其中,上层建筑又被分为政治上层建筑和观念上层建筑。可是,这种解释忽视了该文本中均被中译为“社会(的)”的两个不同德文术语“Gesellschaft”和“sozial”的区别——在该语境中,前者指作为人类生活共同体整体的社会,后者指该整体中私法体系的领域。这一忽视使得马克思的一套现成的结构性术语,即“物质生活”“社会(sozialen)生活”“政治生活”和“精神生活”,没有被恰当地用作标示社会总体结构分层的尺度。根据该尺度,社会结构应该包括四层次、五要素,即:1)物质生产力;2)生产关系(经济基础),以上两项构成物质生活领域;3)社会(sozial)上层建筑,即私法主导的社会生活领域;4)国家上层建筑,即公法主导的政治生活领域;5)由社会意识形式构成的观念顶级结构,此为不同于上层建筑的精神生活领域。从四重生活结构重新理解唯物史观的社会结构论,可以开显社会上层建筑这一理论空间,更加确切地定性和定位社会意识形式。Marx's Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy outlines the main ideas of the materialist conception of history,especially the theory of the social structure which is usually interpreted as a three-tiered theory of"productive forces→relations of production→economic base→superstructure",in which the superstructure is divided into the political and ideological superstructures.However,this interpretation ignores the difference between the two different German terms"Gesellschaf"and"sozial"in the Preface,both of which are translated as‘社会(society)or社会的(social)’in Chinese.Yet in the Preface,"Gesellschaft"refers to the society as a whole community where people live together,and‘sozial’refers to the sphere of the private law system within that whole society.The neglect of this difference rules out the possibility of Marx's set of structural terms-"material life","social(sozialen)life","political life"and"intellectual life"-to be properly used as a yardstick for labeling the overall structural stratification of a whole society.According to the yardstick,the structure of a society should consist of four levels and five elements,namely:1)the material productive forces;2)the relations of production(the economic base),which constitute the material life;3)the social(sozial)Uberbau(which means the upper levels of a building but is usually translated as"superstructure"),i.e.,the social life dominated by private law;4)the state Uberbau,i.e.,the political life dominated by public law;and 5)the ideological Superstruktur(top-structure),comprised of forms of social consciousness,i.e.,the intellectual life different from the Uberbau.Re-understanding the social structural theory of the materialist conception of history from the fourfold life structures can develop the theory of the social Uberbau,and can accurately characterize the forms of social consciousness and show their relevance.

关 键 词：《〈政治经济学批判〉序言》 社会结构论 四重生活 社会上层建筑 观念顶级结构 唯物史观 

分 类 号：B03[哲学宗教—哲学理论] A811