老龄化背景下养老机构的注意义务研究  

Normative Construction for Duty of Care in Nursing Homes Under the Background of Population Aging

作　　者：袁文全[1,2] 毛嘉 YUAN Wen-quan;MAO Jia

机构地区：[1]重庆大学法学院,重庆400030 [2]重庆大学可持续发展研究院,重庆400030

出　　处：《吉林大学社会科学学报》2025年第2期196-209,239,240,共16页Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(22BFX120)。

摘　　要：随着我国人口老龄化程度的日益加深,国家通过法律规范和政策性文件指引,积极促进养老机构健康发展,但养老机构与入住老年人一方伤亡事故损害赔偿纠纷总让养老机构负债累累而陷入发展困境。对理论和实践综合考察后发现,引发纠纷的主要原因在于养老机构与入住老年人一方在养老机构服务关系中的注意义务标准和内容不明确、注意义务纠纷举证责任分配不明晰、注意义务免责条款效力判断标准不统一等。养老机构注意义务问题的妥当解决,应当遵循老年人保护优先性的最高标准和满足合理性原则的最低标准。在制度设计上,养老机构注意义务标准和内容界定、注意义务免责条款效力判断应符合合理性原则,注意义务纠纷举证责任分配应遵循老年人保护的优先性。With the constant increase of the population aging,a number of statutes and policy documents have been introduced to promote the development of nursing homes.However,the number of damages brought by the elderly against nursing homes is rising continuously in recent years because of injuries and deaths of the elder people,and huge compensation could easily put nursing homes into desperate financial straits.After examining relevant regulations and cases in detail,the main reasons of increasing disputes between nursing homes and the elderly are as follows:first,vague standard and content of duty of care provided by nursing homes;second,unclear allocation of the burden of proof between the elderly and nursing homes on issues about breaching standard of duty of care;third,the inconsistent judgement on legal force of exoneration clauses concerning duty of care.It is appropriate to follow the highest standard of giving priority over legal protection of elder people and the lowest standard of meeting the principle of reasonableness when we are solving the above-mentioned problems.When it comes to establishing corresponding rules and regulations,making standard and content of duty of care provided by nursing homes and deciding legal force of exoneration clauses concerning duty of care should satisfy the principle of reasonableness,and in the meantime,the allocation of the burden of proof between elder people and nursing homes on issues about breaching standard of duty of care should comply with giving priority over legal protection of elder people.

关 键 词：养老机构 注意义务 老年人保护优先性 合理性原则 免责条款 

分 类 号：D669.6[政治法律—政治学] F719[政治法律—中外政治制度]