数字经济时代商业数据不正当竞争行为刑法规制的路径与边界  

The Path and Boundary of Criminal Law Regulation of Commercial Data Unfair Competition in the Era of Digital Economy

作　　者：刘双阳 LIU Shuangyang(School of Criminal Justice,China University of Political Science and Law,Beijing 100088,China)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学刑事司法学院,北京100088

出　　处：《法学论坛》2025年第1期78-91,共14页Legal Forum

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“数字经济的刑事安全风险防范体系建构研究”(21&ZD209);国家社科基金青年项目“数字化条件下新型知识产权犯罪的刑法应对研究”(23CFX063)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：刑事司法实践中对于经营者之间的商业数据不正当竞争行为采取“分而治之”的策略,根据商业数据内容的法律性质适用不同的罪名,不仅呈现碎片化的样态,而且存在法益保护缺失或错位、保护对象不周延等局限性。刑法上应进行规范整合并与前置法衔接,引入竞争法上的商业数据概念,以其作为保护对象增设专门的罪名,回应数字经济蓬勃发展所衍生的商业数据刑法保护需求,完善我国数据犯罪刑法规制体系。侵犯商业数据罪的保护法益为复合法益,法益内容构造为双层形态:阻挡层法益是数据要素市场公平竞争秩序,背后层法益是经营者的竞争性数据财产权益。在手段不法层面,破坏技术措施、违背合约授权、实质性替代是实施不正当获取或者使用商业数据行为的三种具体方式,应从形式解释的角度理解侵犯商业数据罪的构成要件行为,限定商业数据不正当竞争行为的入罪范围;在对象不法层面,商业数据的开放共享程度决定了不正当获取或者使用商业数据行为的侵权内容和法益侵害实质,应从实质解释的角度将公众可以自由获取、无偿利用的公开性商业数据排除出侵犯商业数据罪的保护对象范围,从而合理确定商业数据不正当竞争行为刑法规制的边界。In the practice of criminal justice, the strategy of 'divide and rule' is adopted for the unfair competition of commercial data between operators, and different charges are applied according to the legal nature of the content of commercial data, which not only presents a fragmented state, but also has limitations such as lack or dislocation of legal interest protection and incomplete protection of objects. The criminal law should be standardized and integrated with the pre-law, introduce the concept of commercial data in competition law, add special charges as the object of protection, respond to the independent protection needs of commercial data criminal law derived from the vigorous development of digital economy, and improve the criminal law regulation system of data crime in China. The legal interest of the crime of infringing commercial data is a compound legal interest, and the content of the legal interest is constructed in a double-layer form: the legal interest of the barrier layer is the fair competition order of the data element market, and the legal interest of the back layer is the competitive data property rights and interests of the operator. At the level of illegal means, destroying technical measures, violating contract authorization, and substantive substitution are three specific ways to implement improper acquisition or use of commercial data. The constitutive elements of the crime of infringing commercial data should be understood from the perspective of formal interpretation, and the scope of the crime of unfair competition in commercial data should be limited. At the level of object illegality, the degree of openness and sharing of commercial data determines the content of infringement and the essence of infringement of legal interests in the act of improperly obtaining or using commercial data. From the perspective of substantive interpretation, the open commercial data that the public can freely obtain and freely use should be excluded from the scope of the protection object of the crime

关 键 词：数字经济 商业数据 不正当竞争 刑法解释 侵犯商业数据罪 复合法益 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学]