创业机会与创业资源及其匹配对企业绩效的影响——宏村旅游小企业的多案例研究  

The Effects of Entrepreneurial Opportunities and Resources and Matching Strategies on Enterprise Performance:A Multiple-case Study of Small Tourism Enterprises in Hongcun

作　　者：郭强 文彤[2,3] GUO Qiang;WEN Tong(College of National Park&Tourism,Central South University of Forestry&Technology,Changsha 410004,China;School of Management,Jinan University,Guangzhou 510632,China;Center for Strategic Management Studies,Jinan University,Guangzhou 510632,China)

机构地区：[1]中南林业科技大学国家公园与旅游学院,湖南长沙410004 [2]暨南大学管理学院,广东广州510632 [3]暨南大学战略管理研究中心,广东广州510632

出　　处：《旅游学刊》2025年第3期101-115,共15页Tourism Tribune

基　　金：暨南大学管理学院重点学科建设育题基金项目“乡村社区旅游小企业家的成长意愿研究”(GY21017);暨南大学企业发展研究所课题“创业机会识别与民营企业可持续发展的互动机制研究——以旅游小企业为例”(QF20230903)共同资助。

摘　　要：创业始于创业机会,企业又是资源的集合。创业者如何对识别到的机会与获取的资源进行精准匹配从而实现企业绩效,是创业理论研究和实践发展所面临的挑战。同时,旅游创业研究成果有限,其特殊性有待进一步挖掘。基于此,文章以安徽宏村的4家旅游小企业为研究对象,运用探索性多案例研究方法分析创业机会和创业资源的类型及两者存在的不同匹配方式对企业绩效的影响。案例内分析发现,旅游小企业识别和利用了数量需求型、质量需求型、技术型和政策型4种类型创业机会以及资产型和知识型两种类型创业资源,且在不同发展过程中企业识别和利用的机会与资源类型不同,对应的企业绩效也不同。案例间分析发现,旅游小企业的创业机会与创业资源存在4种匹配方式。其中,自觉式匹配通过调动创业者手头现有的资产型资源,能够迅速填补市场空缺,但企业发展的可持续性不足;探索式匹配旨在创造新产品和新服务,具有创新发展的趋势,有可能发展为该行业的标杆企业;增强式匹配是创业者通过知识型资源的配合进一步增强新技术作用,从而强化新技术带给企业的赶超和创新发展;利用式匹配通过政策红利和企业现有资产型资源相结合,能够激发创业者热情,使企业创办变得简单,往往能促进某一产业的快速发展。该研究指出,旅游小企业遵循创业资源匹配创业机会实现企业绩效的规律,这对巩固将创业机会作为创业研究的核心地位,以及认识旅游小企业创办和转型发展规律具有理论和实践意义。Entrepreneurship begins with the identification of entrepreneurial opportunities,and enterprises represent collections of resources.A critical challenge in both entrepreneurship theory and practice is determining how entrepreneurs precisely match the identified opportunities with the acquired resources to enhance firm performance.The tourism industry serves as fertile ground for entrepreneurial activities;however,research in this area remains limited,and the unique characteristics of entrepreneurship in this industry warrant further exploration.This study focuses on four small tourism enterprises in Hongcun,Anhui province,China,where we conducted multiple rounds of field research from April 2016 to August 2022.The research was primarily based on in-depth interviews with business owners,participatory and nonparticipatory observations of enterprise operations,and an extensive collection of secondary data regarding tourism development and enterprise management.On the basis of this information,we established a case enterprise database,and we employed an exploratory multiple-case study method to analyze the types of entrepreneurial opportunities and resources,the differing approaches to matching opportunities and resources,and the impacts on enterprise performance.The intra-case analysis revealed that the small tourism enterprises recognized and leveraged four types of entrepreneurial opportunities—quantity-and quality-demand opportunities,and technology-and policy-based opportunities—and two types of entrepreneurial resources—asset-based and knowledgebased resources.Moreover,during different stages of development,the types of opportunities and resources identified and utilized by the enterprises varied,leading to disparate performances.From the inter-case analysis,we identified four matching approaches between entrepreneurial opportunities and resources:quantity-demand opportunity×asset-based resource;quality-demand opportunity×knowledgebased resource;technology-based opportunity×knowledge-based resource;and

关 键 词：创业机会 创业资源 企业绩效 旅游小企业 多案例研究 

分 类 号：F59[经济管理—旅游管理]