债权窃取何以实现——偷换二维码案的教义学再展开  

How to Realize the Theft of Creditor's Rights:The Doctrinal Restudy of the Case of Stealing and Exchanging QR Codes

作　　者：罗树志[1] 那晓燕 LUO Shu-zhi;NA Xiao-yan

机构地区：[1]中南大学法学院

出　　处：《江苏警官学院学报》2024年第6期5-14,共10页Journal of Jiangsu Police Institute

摘　　要：偷换二维码案的定性争议主要围绕债权能否被窃取这一问题展开。规范性占有认为权利属于占有的对象,但该理论使占有的内容空洞化并导致盗窃罪的适用口袋化,不具有合理性。债权准占有制度认为对权利可成立准占有,但准占有无法类推适用占有的支配效力,而刑法中的占有恰是以支配力的存在为必要,故无法以民法中债权准占有制度论证刑法中债权占有的成立。债权可以被占有,但只限于特定具有物的特征,可被现实管领支配的债权、虚拟财产与存款债权属于此类债权,只有这类债权可被窃取。偷换二维码案中商家对顾客的债权没有物化的特征,商家对其仅具法律上的支配而无现实的管领,故无法以盗窃罪定性。对偷换二维码的行为人应以诈骗罪论处。为实现法益的周全保护,利益诈骗场合中对处分认识的要求可以放松,行为人对商家构成以债权实现为对象的诈骗。In The qualitative controversy of the theft of two-dimensional code cases mainly revolves around whether the creditor's right can be stolen.The excavation of the normative aspect of possession does not mean that the normative possession is necessarily established,and the theory of normative possession hollows out the content of possession and further erodes the doctrinal foundation of the crime of theft,so the concept of normative possession should not be recognized.Quasi-possession of claims is used in the field of civil law to resolve the problem of wrongful settlement,and quasi-possession can only be applied by analogy to the effects of possession in relation to the exercise of rights.However,possession in criminal law emphasizes the existence of actual dominance,so it is impossible to prove that a claim can be possessed in criminal law through the concept of quasi-possession of creditor's rights.Claims can be possessed,but only those that can be materialized and can establish ownership,and virtual property and deposit claims are such claims,that is,only such claims can be stolen.In the case of stealing QR codes,the merchant's claim against the customer is a purely relative creditor's right,which has no materialized characteristics,and cannot be the object of the crime of theft.The perpetrator of the two-dimensional code case should be punished as the crime of fraud,but the triangular fraud theory excessively expands the scope of the establishment of the crime of fraud and is not reasonable,and the requirements for the understanding of punishment in the case of interest fraud can be relaxed to achieve comprehensive protection of legal interests,and the actor constitutes fraud against the merchant with the realization of creditor's rights as the object.

关 键 词：财产性利益 规范性占有 债权准占有 偷换二维码 

分 类 号：D924.35[政治法律—刑法学]