一战前俄国初级教育体系的建设及其意义探究  

The Development of the Primary Education System in Russia Prior to World War I and Its Significance

作　　者：邓沛勇 张恩祥 DENG Peiyong;ZHANG Enxiang(Research Center for History and Culture of Countries along the Belt and Road Initiative,Guizhou Normal University,Guiyang 550001,China;School of History and Politics,Guizhou Normal University,Guiyang 550001,China)

机构地区：[1]贵州师范大学“一带一路”沿线国家历史与文化研究中心,贵州贵阳550001 [2]贵州师范大学历史与政治学院,贵州贵阳550001

出　　处：《内蒙古民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2025年第2期81-94,共14页Journal of Inner Mongolia Minzu University:Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：2023年国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“俄国现代化研究(1861—1917)”(项目编号:23FSSB004)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：受工业化和城市化的推动,19世纪下半叶至20世纪初,俄国各类初等教育机构数量大幅增加,教育质量明显提高,俄国建立了现代初等教育体系。在这一过程中,圣主教公会下属教会教区和地方自治局所做的贡献最大。地方自治改革以前,为更好地传播东正教思想、培育学生忠君爱国意识,也为提高居民的文化水平,教会教区学校和识字学校的数量大增;地方自治改革之后,各省地方自治机构主管教育事宜,大量地方自治局所属初等教育机构建立,虽然它们在数量上稍逊色于教会初等学校,但其在俄国社会经济发展中的作用最大,后期倡导的义务教育更是影响深远。俄国初等教育体系的建立,不但提高了居民的文化水平,还直接推动了俄国现代化进程,但相较于西欧国家,俄国初等教育机构在数量、教学水平和资金投入等方面都相对落后,而且教育分布不平衡的问题也相当严重。Driven by industrialization and urbanization,Russia experienced a significant expansion in the number of primary education institutions from the second half of the 19th century to the early 20th century,accompanied by notable improvements in educational quality,ultimately leading to the establishment of a modern primary education system.In this process,the greatest contributions came from the parishes under the Holy Synod and the local self-governance bureaus.Before the reform of local self-governance,the number of parish schools and literacy schools increased considerably,primarily to disseminate Orthodox Christian ideology,cultivate students’loyalty and patriotism,and enhance literacy levels among the population.Following the reform,provincial self-governing institutions took charge of education,leading to the establishment of numerous primary schools under local self-governance bureaus.Although these schools were fewer in number compared to parish schools,they played a crucial role in Russia’s socio-economic development,and the later promotion of compulsory education had a profound and lasting impact.The establishment of Russia’s primary education system not only raised literacy levels but also directly contributed to the country’s modernization.However,compared to Western European nations,Russia lagged behind in terms of the number of educational institutions,teaching quality,and financial investment.Additionally,significant disparities in the distribution of educational resources remained a serious issue.

关 键 词：俄国 初等教育体系 地方自治初等学校 教会教区学校 识字学校 

分 类 号：K512.4[历史地理—历史学]