WTO农业补贴合规性判定与美国的技术性“合规”——基于美国农业国内支持通报的分析  

The Determination of WTO Compliance for Agricultural Subsidies and the Technical“Compliance”of the United States:An Analysis Based on the U.S.Agricultural Domestic Support Notification

作　　者：程国强 余新礼 CHENG Guoqiang;YU Xinli

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学农业与农村发展学院,北京100872 [2]同济大学经济与管理学院,上海200092

出　　处：《农业经济问题》2025年第3期32-45,共14页Issues in Agricultural Economy

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目“乡村振兴战略实施中政府与市场的关系及协调研究”(编号:71933004)。

摘　　要：尽管WTO现行农业规则对约束发达成员的农业补贴、减少国际农产品市场扭曲发挥重要作用,但也存在诸多功能性漏洞,亟待通过谈判改革和完善。美国是世界农产品贸易大国,其农业补贴是否符合WTO规则,既关系全球农业贸易治理的有效性,也关乎WTO农业规则实施的权威性。但本文发现,美国农业补贴实质上是技术性“合规”,是美国通过改变黄箱补贴措施分类、调整通报期等技术性手段而实现的“合规”。若按照WTO规则重新计算,美国2019年、2020年的黄箱补贴远远超过其约束上限,已构成实质性违规。这种“技术性合规”,是对WTO农业规则和全球贸易秩序的挑战,也凸现出WTO现行农业补贴规则存在不平衡、约束不充分问题。因此,要加强对WTO成员农业政策合规性监测和溢出效应评估,推动重启WTO新一轮农业谈判,加快建立更加公平公正合理的国际农业贸易治理体系。Although the current agricultural rules of the World Trade Organization(WTO)play a significant role in restraining agricultural subsidies from developed members and reducing distortions in international agricultural market,they also have numerous functional loopholes that urgently need to be reformed and improved through negotiations.The United States,as a major player in global agricultural trade,whether its agricultural subsidies comply with WTO rules is not only crucial for the effectiveness of global agricultural trade governance but also for the authority of the implementation of WTO agricul tural rules.However,this paper finds that U.S.agricultural subsidies are essentially technically“com pliant,”achieved through technical means such as changing the classification of amber box subsidies and adjusting the notification period.If recalculated in accordance with WTO rules,the U.S.amber box subsidies in 2019 and 2020 far exceeded their bound limits,constituting a substantive violation.This“technical compliance”challenges WTO agricultural rules and the global trade order,and also highlights the imbalances and inadequate constraints in the current WTO agricultural subsidy rules.Therefore,it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of the compliance of WTO members’agricultural policies and the assessment of their spillover effects,promote the resumption of a new round of WTO ag ricultural negotiations,and accelerate the establishment of a more fair,equitable,and reasonable inter national agricultural trade governance system.

关 键 词：WTO农业规则 合规 美国农业补贴 黄箱补贴 

分 类 号：F32[经济管理—产业经济]