观察学习及其在认知障碍儿童中的研究进展  

Observational learning and its research progress in children with cognitive disorders

作　　者：刘砚南 付洁 张根福 杨志仙 秦炯[1] LIU Yan-nan;FU Jie;ZHANG Gen-fu(Department of Pediatrics,Pediatrics,Pe3king University People's Hospital,Beijing 100044,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学人民医院儿科,北京100044

出　　处：《中国实用儿科杂志》2025年第2期161-164,170,共5页Chinese Journal of Practical Pediatrics

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(82171436);北京市健康促进与研究基金(2020-2-4077);北京大学人民医院学院建设项目基金(BMU2023XY016);北京大学人民医院人才引进启动资金(2023-T-02);北京大学人民医院研究与发展基金揭榜挂帅项目基金(RDGS2023-10)。

摘　　要：观察学习是一种关键的学习能力及广泛存在的学习方式。学习主体能够在不依赖直接强化、无直接行为反应的情况下,通过“刺激-反应-结果”(stimulus-response-outcome,S-R-0)关联习得新技能,并在其动作、言谈、观念中反映出来,因而有利于规避风险、降低成本。观察学习与认知功能密切相关。孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder,ASD)及癲痫是儿童期发病率高、易于共患认知功能障碍的两大疾病。观察学习的重要性及有效性在ASD儿童的研究中已得到证实。但在癫痫领域关于观察学习研究很少,仅有少数动物实验报告癫痫造模大鼠的观察学习能力显著降低,提示观察学习或许可作为一种评价工具及训练手段,对认知障碍共病的诊断和干预具有潜在应用价值。Observational learning(OL)is a key learning ability and a widespread learning method.Learning subjects can acquire new skills through the"Stimulus-Response-Outcome(S-R-O)"association without relying on direct reinforcement or direct behavioral response,and reflect them in their actions,speech,and perceptions,which is beneficial to risk avoidance and cost reduction.Observational learning is closely related to cognitive function.Autism Spectrum Disorder(ASD)and epilepsy are two diseases with high prevalence and comorbid cognitive impairment in childhood.The importance and effectiveness of observational learning have been confirmed in studies of children with ASD.However,there are few studies on observational learning in children with epilepsy,and only a few animal experiments have reported a significant reduction in observational learning ability in rats modeled for epilepsy,suggesting that observational learning may be a potential application as an evaluative tool and training method for the diagnosis and intervention of cognitive co-morbidities.

关 键 词：观察学习 孤独症谱系障碍 癫痫 认知功能障碍 儿童 

分 类 号：R72[医药卫生—儿科]