比况“施通格”结构引起的问题——兼论比较和比况  

Problems caused by modeling Chinese on the ergative-absolutive pattern:Comparing or modeling

作　　者：完权[1] WAN Quan

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院大学/中国社会科学院语言研究所语料库暨计算语言学研究中心,北京

出　　处：《中国语文》2025年第2期152-167,254,255,共18页Studies of the Chinese Language

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“基于中国特色概念体系的汉语对言语法研究”(23AYY005)的研究成果之一;中国社会科学院学科建设“登峰战略”资助计划(DF2023YS08);中国社会科学院语言学重点实验室(2024SYZH001)资助。

摘　　要：科学的比较,必然是系统比较,遵守对立统一原则;而比况,则是局部比照,走向极端就是比附。在探索汉语是否具有“施通格结构”的过程中,比况会引起两方面的问题。比况“致使交替式施格”,会把致使交替误作为施格,乃至把动结式比况为致使交替,导致违背施格语言共性的问题。比况“施格性”,会误以为汉语的基础句式是VS/SVO格局,打乱了对汉语存现句的系统概括。面对汉语中看似施格语言的现象,应该从汉语造句系统出发,认识到以动词为核心的基本小句在汉语中并不是典型范例,汉语重视状态和事态,而非动作事件。汉语动词的及物性不明显,才会出现施受同辞这样的现象。汉语中更为本质而大量存在的句式是并置句。从演化的角度看,汉语句法保留了很多演化早期的特征,所以,在演化的晚近阶段才产生的语法关系系统,无论是施格格局还是受格格局,从系统上就都不适用于汉语分析。Scientific comparison is inevitably a systematic comparison,adhering to the principle of unity of opposites.Modeling,on the other hand,refers to strained comparison,which is far-fetched in extreme cases.When discussing whether Chinese has an ergative-absolutive pattern or not,modeling leads to two problems.Firstly,causative alternation can be mistakenly regarded as an ergative pattern when modeling it to the ergative pattern in the sense of Lyons(1968).Even resultative verb compounds can be mistaken as some kinds of causative alternation,which violates the universals of ergative languages.Secondly,modeling Chinese on the ergative-absolutive language may lead to a wrong viewpoint that the basic sentence structure of Chinese is VS/SVO.This would go against the systematic generalization of Chinese existential sentences.Concerning the seemingly ergativity in Chinese,we should adhere to the system of Chinese syntax and recognize that basic clauses with a verbal core are not necessary in Chinese.Instead of actions,states and situations are especially valued in the Chinese language.The covert feature of verb transitivity in Chinese causes the agent and patient to be identical in form and most Chinese sentences are in essence juxtapositional.From a diachronic perspective,many features of historical Chinese have remained in modern Chinese which cannot be properly accounted for by modern grammatical systems.

关 键 词：施格/作格 受格 比较 比况 施受同辞 

分 类 号：H14[语言文字—汉语]