当前美国的“觉醒”和“反觉醒”运动:缘起、演变和影响  

Current"Woke"and"Anti-Woke"Movement in the U.S.:Origin,Evolution,and Impacts

作　　者：张业亮[1] Zhang Yeliang

机构地区：[1]清华大学中美关系研究中心

出　　处：《美国研究》2025年第1期9-37,5,共30页The Chinese Journal of American Studies

摘　　要：“觉醒”和“觉醒主义”是近十年来美国兴起的一种政治和文化现象。“觉醒”一词含义的演变大体经历了以下三个阶段:在从20世纪初到21世纪头十年的漫长时期里,“觉醒”一词一般被用来号召黑人对遭受的种族歧视“保持清醒”;在2014年密苏里州弗格森市警察杀害迈克·布朗事件爆发后,该词作为进步主义新左派的一种哲学和意识形态,特别是用来表达他们在种族、性和性别认同等社会和文化问题上的主张和政策。目前,保守派吸纳了这一词语作为文化战争的一个新口号,以表明他们反对在种族和性别认同等问题上持进步主义观点的一切人和事情。“觉醒”已代替“政治正确”“身份政治”“取消文化”等术语成为美国社会和政治中最流行和最具分裂性的词语之一,对美国政治和社会文化产生了深刻的影响。2024年大选是在“觉醒”和“反觉醒”斗争白热化背景下举行的一场选举,特朗普的胜选是“觉醒”思潮的一大挫败,但“觉醒”和“反觉醒”的斗争在今后一段时期还将持续。"Woke"or"wokeness"is a political and cultural phenomenon that has prevailed in the U.S.for the last ten years.The meaning of the term‘woke"has changed roughly through three stages.From the early 20th century to the first decade of the 21st century,the term"woke"had been used generally to call on black Americans to"stay woke"to the racial discrimination they suffered from.After the police killing of Michael Brown in Ferguson,Missouri in 2014,the term was used as the philosophy and ideology of the Progressive New Left to express their positions and policies on issues related to race,gender and sexuality.Currently,conservatives adopt the term as a rallying cry for a culture war against anything or anyone who holds progressive views on such issues as race and gender identities."Woke"has replaced"political correctness","identity politics"and"cancel culture"as one of the most popular and divisive terms in American politics and society and has a profound impact on American politics,society and culture.The general election in 2024 was held against the backdrop of fierce struggles between"woke"and"anti-woke".Donald Trump's winning the presidential election reflects the defeat of"woke"ideology,but the fight between"woke"and"anti-woke"will continue.

关 键 词：美国政治 社会文化 种族 “觉醒” 性别认同 多元公平包容(DEI) 

分 类 号：I20[文学—中国文学]