何为商事合同?  

What Is a Commercial Contract?

作　　者：王雷 Wang Lei(The Research Center of Civil and Commercial Jurisprudence,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学民商事法律科学研究中心,北京100872

出　　处：《浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2025年第2期130-141,共12页Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences

基　　金：中国人民大学科学研究基金(中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金)资助项目(24XNQZ02)。

摘　　要：并非商事主体间的合同就是商事合同,商事主体性不是商事合同的本质特征。我国民商事法律没有因为合同一方或者双方主体为商事主体就作特殊规范配置。营利性、营业性也不是商事合同的本质特征,并非所有的商事合同都有营利性特点,也存在不具有营利性、有偿性的商事合同。也并非所有具有营业性特点的合同都属于商事合同。商事合同的本质特征是团体性、组织性、结构性和涉他性,这也是需要对商事合同进行公法规制的根本原因。商事合同须为商事法律所调整,商事合同要么单纯直接适用商事法律,要么存在适用商事法律和《民法典》的关联交叉。直接适用《民法典》等私法一般法即可进行调整的合同不是商事合同。商事法律对商事合同没有规定时,不能一概简单补充适用《民法典》的有关规定,否则有可能罔顾商事合同的特殊性。在法律适用方法上商事合同优先适用商事特别法,补充适用或者参照适用《民法典》,体现了商事合同的特殊性。A commercial contract is a concept with systematic significance in pure commercial law theory.The criteria for determining commercial legal relationship and commercial contracts cannot be simply equated.The recognition criteria and legal application methods of commercial contracts best reflect the interactions between civil law and commercial law.The contract between commercial entities is not of course a commercial contract.Commercial subjectivity is not an essential characteristic of commercial contracts.Our civil and commercial laws do not have special regulatory provisions because one or both parties of a contract are commercial entities.As one of the factors considered in the predictability rules for breach of contract damages,and as one of the factors for determining whether the liquidated damages are excessively higher than the actual losses caused,commercial entities do not have independent decision-making significance.Profit and profitability are not essential characteristics of commercial contracts.Profit and business nature are not characteristics of commercial contracts,but rather characteristics of commercial legal relationship.The purely profit oriented and business oriented characteristics are not sufficient to exempt commercial contracts from the adjustment of the contract section of the Civil Code.Not all commercial contracts have profit-making characteristics.There are commercial contracts that are not profitable or for value.Not all contracts with business nature belong to commercial contracts.The essential characteristics of commercial contracts are collective,organizational,structural,and involving others,which is also the fundamental reason for public law regulation of commercial contracts.The commercial law establishes statutory exceptions to the principle of contractual relativity in commercial contracts.The penetrating judicial concept of commercial contracts enables public law regulation to be integrated and reflected in the judgment of contract effectiveness.The particularity of commerc

关 键 词：商事合同 本质特征 《民法典》 商事法律 法律适用 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]