山西博物院馆藏明清火器铸造技术的初步研究——基于表面崩解锈蚀物的科技检测与分析  

Preliminary Study on Casting Techniques of the Firearms during the Ming and Qing Dynasties Collected in Shanxi Museum——based on technological examination and analysis of corroded rust layers

作　　者：崔跃忠 周天成 Cui Yuezhong;Zhou Tiancheng

机构地区：[1]山西博物院 [2]北京科技大学科技史与文化遗产研究院

出　　处：《文物季刊》2025年第1期177-185,共9页Journal of Chinese Antiquity

基　　金：山西博物院科研项目“山西博物院馆藏火炮研究”(编号:JBXS-2022-06)研究成果。

摘　　要：本研究对山西博物院馆藏的明清火器(包括火炮和火铳)使用金相显微镜、超景深显微镜、扫描电子显微镜与能谱等设备进行了表面剥落锈层的科技检测分析。结合铭文与形制研究,初步发现这批火炮生产年代包括明代初期、明代中晚期、明代晚期和清代的数百年时间;所涉及制造工艺包括铸造、锻造和复合制造,基本涵盖了明清时期常见的火炮制造技法。这批遗物通过微损取样,较为完整地揭示了山西地区明清时期火器形制和工艺的基本面貌,为探讨明代锻造铁炮工艺提供了一手资料和科学依据。初步探究锈蚀层取样提供铁质遗物的工艺信息的技术路线。This study conducted a technological examination and analysis of the surface corroded rust layers on Ming and Qing dynasty firearms,including cannons and blunderbuss,in the Shanxi Museum.Employing a suite of analytical instruments such as metallographic microscopes,super-depth microscopes,scanning electron microscopes,and energy spectrometers,the research meticulously scrutinized the material composition and microstructure of the artifacts.In conjunction with the study of inscriptions and morphological characteristics,preliminary findings suggest that the production era of this batch of artillery spans several hundred years,encompassing the early Ming,mid-to-late Ming,late Ming,and Qing dynasties.The manufacturing techniques involved include casting,forging,and composite manufacturing,which essentially cover the common fabrication methods of the Ming and Qing periods.Through minimally invasive sampling,these relics have provided a relatively comprehensive view of the morphology and craftsmanship of firearms in the Shanxi region during the Ming and Qing dynasties,offering primary data and scientific evidence for the exploration of forging techniques for iron cannons in the Ming dynasty.The study also preliminarily probes the technical route of extracting craft information from iron artifacts through rust layer sampling.

关 键 词：明清火器 锻造火炮 铸造火炮 青铜火铳 金相分析 

分 类 号：K87[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]