环境中全氟和多氟烷基化合物来源、分析方法及分布特征研究进展  

Research Progress on the Sources,Analysis Methods and Occurrence Characteristics of Per-and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Environment

作　　者：张苗苗 田芹[1] 安子怡[1] 许春雪[1] ZHANG Miaomiao;TIAN Qin;AN Ziyi;XU Chunxue(National Research Center for Geoanalysis,Beijing 100037,China)

机构地区：[1]国家地质实验测试中心,北京100037

出　　处：《环境科学研究》2025年第3期677-687,共11页Research of Environmental Sciences

基　　金：中国地质科学院基本科研业务费项目(No.CSJ-2023-04);中国地质调查局地质调查项目(No.DD20242860)。

摘　　要：近年来,全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质(PFAS)在世界范围内大量生产和使用,因其持久性、迁移性、生物蓄积性和毒性,给生态环境和人体健康带来了潜在危害。本文综述了国内外近年来关于PFAS在环境中的来源、分布特征以及分析方法的研究进展,阐述了非靶向分析的流程及应用。结果表明:①环境中PFAS主要来源于含氟工业品的生产、含氟消费品的使用以及含氟废弃物的不当处理;全球范围内PFAS在大气、水体、土壤中均有检出,全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)是主要污染物。②比较了超声提取法、索氏提取法、固相萃取法等方法的特点与适用范围,根据基体的复杂程度以及对准确性、效率的要求,不同环境基体PFAS分析选择不同的提取和净化方法。③适用于靶向PFAS分析的液相色谱-质谱和气相色谱-质谱方法目前较为成熟,而传感器技术和非靶向分析在PFAS快速分析和未知氟化物鉴定方面有较大潜力。未来应进一步开发更自动化、更准确的前处理与检测技术,同时结合质谱谱库与机器学习,以提高新型PFAS非靶向识别与分析的精准性和可靠性。Perfluorinated and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS)are a class of persistent organic pollutants of growing concern.In recent years,the large-scale production and use of PFAS worldwide,coupled with persistence,migration,bioaccumulation and toxicity,have posed significant potential risks to both the ecological environment and human health.This review summarizes recent research on the sources,distribution characteristics,and analysis methods of PFAS in the environment,both domestically and internationally,with a particular focus on the processes and applications of non-targeted analysis.PFAS in the environment primarily originate from the production of fluorinated industrial products,the use of fluorinated consumer products,and the improper disposal of fluorinated waste.These substances have been widely detected in atmosphere,water bodies,and soils globally,with perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA)and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid(PFOS)identified as the main pollutants.The characteristics and application range of ultrasonic extraction,soxhlet extraction and solid phase extraction were compared.Different extraction and clean-up methods were selected for various environmental matrices based on the matrix complexity and the requirements for accuracy and efficiency.Currently,the most commonly used methods for targeted PFAS analysis include liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Sensor technology and non-targeted analysis show great potential for the rapid determination of PFAS and the identification of unknown fluorinated compounds.In the future,the development of more automated and accurate sample pretreatment and analysis techniques,combined with mass spectrometry libraries and machine learning,will be essential for improving the accuracy and reliability of novel PFAS non-targeted identification and analysis.

关 键 词：PFAS 来源解析 环境赋存 样品前处理 检测方法 非靶向分析 

分 类 号：X592[环境科学与工程—环境工程]