比赛距离和性别对世界精英自由泳运动员节奏策略的影响  

Effect of Distance and Gender on Pacing Strategy in World Elite Front Crawl Swimmers

作　　者：吕晓庆 吴昊源 洪乐雯 李明 李旭鸿 LYU Xiaoqing;WU Haoyuan;HONG Lewen;LI Ming;LI Xuhong(Hangzhou Normal University,Hangzhou 311121,China;Shanghai University of Sport,Shanghai 200438,China)

机构地区：[1]杭州师范大学,浙江杭州311121 [2]上海体育大学,上海200438

出　　处：《中国体育科技》2025年第3期3-12,共10页China Sport Science and Technology

基　　金：浙江省“尖兵领雁+X”科技计划项目(2025C02160);浙江省教育厅一般科研项目(Y202454779)。

摘　　要：目的:探究比赛距离和性别对世界精英自由泳运动员比赛节奏策略选择的影响。方法:选取2003—2024年奥运会和游泳世界锦标赛上200、400和800 m自由泳决赛运动员为研究对象,采用双因素方差分析、卡方检验和递进线性回归分析世界精英自由泳运动员的节奏策略特征、节奏策略类型以及各阶段对比赛成绩的贡献率。结果:1)在出发、途中游前半程、途中游后半程以及冲刺4个阶段,性别和比赛距离对速度和标准化速度的影响均存在交互作用(P<0.001和P<0.01)。标准化速度、冲刺指数、途中游的速度变异系数以及出发指数仅在距离上呈现显著的主效应(P<0.01)。随着比赛距离的增加,标准化速度和冲刺指数明显增加,出发指数和变异系数则显著减小。2)在节奏策略的选择方面,仅存在距离上的差异(P<0.001)。在200 m自由泳中,98.86%的运动员选择了先加速后匀速型的节奏策略。随着距离的增加,800 m自由泳运动员在节奏策略上的选择逐渐转变成以抛物线型为主(80.69%),尤其是反J型(49.36%)节奏策略备受青睐。3)在200 m比赛中,冲刺阶段对比赛成绩的贡献率最大(男:32.7%;女:31.2%)。在400 m和800 m比赛中,途中游后半程对比赛成绩的贡献率较高。结论:精英自由泳运动员的节奏策略特征差异主要体现在比赛距离上,随着比赛距离的增加,运动员出发策略逐渐变得更加保守,途中游的速度波动变小,同时冲刺意愿更为强烈。节奏策略类型的选择主要依赖于比赛距离,与性别关系不大。在200 m自由泳中,先加速后匀速型策略是首选。随着距离的增加,反J型策略逐渐受到运动员的青睐。强劲的冲刺表现对200 m自由泳比赛成绩的贡献率最高;随着比赛距离增加,途中游后半程逐渐发挥重要作用,出发和冲刺阶段的贡献率则相对降低。Objective:To explore the influence of competition distance and gender on pacing strategy selection in world elite front crawl swimmers.Methods:Finalists of 200,400 and 800 m in the Olympic and World Swimming Championships from 2003 to 2024 were subjects.Two-Way ANOVA,Chi-square test and progressive linear regression were used to analyze the characteristic of pacing strategy,the pacing strategy patterns and the contribution of each segment of race to sports performance of elite freestyle swimmers.Results:1)There is an interaction effect between gender and competition distance on both speed and standardized speed(P<0.001 and P<0.01),in the starting stage,the departure,halfway before and after the journey and end-spurt four stages.Normalized velocities,end-spurt indicator(ESI),and the coefficient of variation(CV)and diving start indicator(DSI)showed significant main effects only in competition distance(P<0.01).With the increase of distance,normalized velocities and ESI increased significantly,while DSI and CV significant decreased respectively.2)There is only a difference in the choice of pacing strategy in distance(P<0.001).98.86%of 200 m freestyle swimmers choose the pacing strategy of Fast-Even.With the increase of distance,800 m freestyle swimmers gradually choose parabolic pacing strategy(80.69%).In particular,the Reverse-J shaped pacing strategy(49.36%)was favored.3)In the 200 m race,it was found that the contribution rate of the end spurt stage was the largest(male:32.7%;female:31.2%),and the contribution rate of the latter half of the 400 m and 800 m was higher.Conclusions:The difference of pacing strategies of elite freestyle swimmers is mainly reflected in distance.With the increase of race distance,athletes tend to start conservatively and have less fluctuation in the velocity of intermediate swim stage to ob-tain strong end-spurt speed.The choice of pacing strategy type mainly depends on the race dis-tance,and has little relationship with gender.The strategy of Fast-Even is the first choice of 200 m free

关 键 词：自由泳 节奏策略 精英运动员 

分 类 号：G861.1[文化科学—体育训练]