密云水库上游侵蚀性降雨特征及水保措施对坡面水土流失的影响  

Characteristics of erosive rainfall and the impact of soil and water conservation measures on soil and water loss in the upper reaches of Miyun Reservoir,China

作　　者：王玥欢 颜婷燕 魏商 赵娅娜 徐发军 王云琦[1] 程金花[1] Wang Yuehuan;Yan Tingyan;Wei Shang;Zhao Yana;Xu Fajun;Wang Yunqi;Cheng Jinhua(School of Soil and Water Conservation,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing 100083,China;Beijing Water Ecological Protection and Soil and Water Conservation Center,Beijing 101117,China)

机构地区：[1]北京林业大学水土保持学院,北京100083 [2]北京市水生态保护与水土保持中心,北京101117

出　　处：《水土保持研究》2025年第3期45-54,共10页Research of Soil and Water Conservation

基　　金：北京市自然科学基金(8232040);北京市京津风沙源治理工程小流域综合治理水土保持效益监测(2021年)(2022QTZJJCXYJC44)。

摘　　要：[目的]探索密云水库上游降雨类型和不同水保措施对水土流失的影响规律,为该研究区水土流失防治提供科学依据。[方法]基于石匣坡面径流场2014—2022年92次侵蚀性降雨实测数据,应用聚类分析、方差分析等方法,进而揭示侵蚀性降雨下不同措施的水土保持效益。[结果](1)研究区2014—2022年共观测到92次侵蚀性降雨事件,年均侵蚀性降雨量为311.27 mm,侵蚀性降雨主要集中在7月和8月。(2)基于K-均值聚类分析,研究区侵蚀性降雨可划分为3类:Ⅰ雨型(长历时、大雨量、小雨强)、Ⅱ雨型(短历时、小雨量、大雨强)、Ⅲ雨型(中历时、中雨量、中雨强)。Ⅱ雨型发生频次最高。(3)不同措施小区的水土保持效益有所差异。在相同的降雨条件下,与裸地相比,高覆盖度草地(苜蓿)、鱼鳞坑(侧柏)、土坎梯田(玉米)小区水土保持效益最佳;而耕作措施小区没有起到减流减沙的效果,反而加剧了水土流失的发生。(4)各措施小区产沙量与最大30 min雨强呈一定的正相关,产流量与降雨侵蚀力呈一定的正相关,但与降雨历时、平均降雨强度的相关性不显著。[结论]最大30 min雨强和降雨侵蚀力是影响该区域不同水保措施坡面产流产沙的关键指标。高覆盖度植被措施和多种措施相结合的配置模式是减少坡面水土流失的有效措施,因此要因地制宜、合理布设水土保持措施配置,达到水土保持效益的最大化。[Objective]This study explores the types of rainfall in the upstream area of the Miyun Reservoir and examines the impact of different soil and water conservation measures on soil erosion,providing a scientific basis for the prevention and control of soil and water loss in the study area.[Methods]Based on the data from 92 erosive rainfall events on the Shixia slope from 2014 to 2022,the study applied cluster analysis and variance analysis to reveal the effects of different soil and water conservation measures under erosive rainfall conditions.[Results](1)From 2014 to 2022,a total of 92 erosive rainfall events were observed in the study area.The annual average erosive rainfall was 311.27 mm.The erosive rainfall events were most concentrated in July and August.(2)Based on K-means clustering analysis,the erosive rainfall in the study area can be divided into three types:Type I(long duration,heavy rainfall,light rainfall intensity),TypeⅡ(short duration,light rainfall,heavy rainfall intensity),and TypeⅢ(medium duration,moderate rainfall,moderate rainfall intensity).TypeⅡwas the most common erosive rainfall type in this area.(3)The soil and water conservation effects varied across different measures.Under the same rainfall conditions,high-coverage grassland(alfalfa),fish-scale pits(Platycladus orientalis),and terraced fields(maize)showed the best soil and water conservation benefits compared with bare land.However,the cultivation measures did not reduce runoff and sediment yield,but instead aggravated soil and water loss.(4)There was a positive correlation between sediment yield and maximum 30-minute rainfall intensity,and between runoff yield and rainfall erosivity.However,there was no significant correlation with rainfall duration or average rainfall intensity.[Conclusion]The maximum 30-minute rainfall intensity and rainfall erosivity are the key factors affecting runoff and sediment yield of slopes with different soil and water conservation measures.Highcoverage vegetation measure is an effective way to reduce

关 键 词：水保措施 侵蚀性降雨 产流产沙 

分 类 号：S157.2[农业科学—土壤学]