法理型权威与魅力型权威的双重塑造——哈萨克斯坦2022年新宪法与托卡耶夫的正当性重塑  

Jurisprudence and Charismatic Leadership: Kazakhstan's 2022 Constitution and Tokayev's Legitimacy Reinvention

作　　者：李书齐 Li Shuqi(the Department of Sociology at Peking University)

机构地区：[1]北京大学社会学系,北京100091

出　　处：《区域国别学刊》2025年第2期136-153,160,共19页COUNTRY AND AREA STUDIES

基　　金：国家社会科学基金中国历史研究院重大历史问题研究专项“亚洲文明研究专题”一般委托项目(项目号:21@WTA002)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：2022年6月,哈萨克斯坦在全民公投中通过了新宪法,新宪法是托卡耶夫在“新哈萨克斯坦”改革中的关键一步,标志着“第二共和国”的诞生,对托卡耶夫在“一月事件”后重构权力正当性有着重要的意义。由于准备时间仓促,新宪法修改内容只占原宪法三分之一的篇幅。修改内容主要包括:取消首任总统特殊地位,总统行使人事任命等权力必须经议会同意,议会表决办法调整以提升法律修改程序的繁难性,加强议会选举竞争性并以多党制议会对总统权力形成监督,改革预算审计机构及合宪审查机构,强调人民主权以及加强人权保障等。从马克斯·韦伯的正当性支配理论的角度分析新宪法的修改内容及其运行情况,可以发现,作为政治行动的宪法改革既有限地培育了政治中的法理型权威,又塑造托卡耶夫的魅力型权威。考虑到纳扎尔巴耶夫时期的权力传统对当前政治的影响,当代哈萨克斯坦政治中的法理型权威建设不能操之过急,国家依旧需要一个凝聚着“信念伦理”与“责任伦理”的魅力型领袖去推动政治现代化。在这个过程中,魅力型权威的产生反而为法理型权威的进一步发展提供了保障。Kazakhstan's adoption of a new constitution through national referendum in June 2022 represents a crucial step in President Tokayev's “New Kazakhstan” reforms and marks the emergence of the “Second Republic”. This constitutional reform proves instrumental in reconstructing Tokayev's authority following the “January events”. Despite time constraints limiting amendments to one-third of the original text, the reform introduces significant changes: abolishing the first president's special status, requiring parliamentary approval for presidential appointments, modifying parliamentary voting procedures, enhancing electoral competitiveness, establishing multi-party oversight of presidential power, reforming budgetary and constitutional review mechanisms, and strengthening human rights protections. Through the lens of Max Weber's theory of legitimate authority, this study demonstrates how the constitutional reform simultaneously promotes legal-rational authority and shapes Tokayev's charismatic leadership. Given the enduring influence of Nazarbayevera power structures, the development of legal-rational authority in Kazakhstan requires gradual implementation. The nation's political modernization demands a charismatic leader balancing both “ethics of conviction” and “ethics of responsibility”, where charismatic authority paradoxically facilitates the evolution of legal-rational governance.

关 键 词：哈萨克斯坦 宪法改革 托卡耶夫 正当性支配 

分 类 号：D81[政治法律—国际关系]