明朝禁钱政策、铜钱危机对15世纪琉球货币的影响  

The Impact of the Ming Dynasty’s Policy of Copper Coins Ban and the Copper Coins Ban Crisis on Ryukyu Currency in the 15th Century

作　　者：郝洪熠 Hao Hongyi

机构地区：[1]日本长崎大学多文化社会学研究科

出　　处：《海交史研究》2024年第4期1-18,共18页Journal of Maritime History Studies

摘　　要：明朝禁钱政策与铜钱危机不仅深刻影响了国内的铜钱流通,也促使15世纪琉球货币发生演化。明初禁钱政策的颁布标志着单一宝钞体制的形成,对明朝铜钱经济的发展产生巨大的约束力,限制了铜钱流通规模,并导致明朝货币制度构建的失序和铜钱危机的孕育。在海禁朝贡制度及禁钱政策的背景下,洪武、永乐通宝等明朝铜钱通过各种贸易渠道被大量输出到琉球,确立了明朝铜钱在琉球货币流通领域中的重要地位。正统朝以来,随着朝贡体系的逐渐衰弱和禁钱政策的放宽,直至天顺朝完全解禁钱禁,明朝进入了解禁钱禁且不铸钱阶段,导致私铸猖獗、选钱盛行、铜钱地位与信用下降等问题,铜钱危机进一步凸显并扩散至琉球。文献与考古资料表明,自15世纪,琉球的货币演化明显受到明朝禁钱政策和铜钱危机的影响,表现为明朝铜钱短缺和粗制恶钱扩散等,甚至使用本国及日本铜钱。同时期日本的钱荒和选钱现象,以及日琉间的铜钱流动情况,进一步证明了这一影响的广泛性。在禁钱政策及铜钱危机的共同影响下,明朝与琉球在货币流通演化方面展现出的联动性,不仅反映出当时中国与亚洲海域间通过贸易和货币建立的紧密联系,也揭示了亚洲海域贸易货币多元化的特征和明朝货币制度及政策转变的广域性影响。The Ming Dynasty’s copper coin ban policy and the resulting copper coin shortage had a profound impact on the domestic circulation of copper coins and the evolution of Ryukyu’s currency in the 15th century.The early Ming promulgation of the copper coin ban policy marked the establishment of the singular Baochao(paper currency)system,which constrained the development of the copper coin economy in the Ming Dynasty.This limitation curtailed the scale of copper coin circulation,leading to disorder within the Ming currency system and precipitating a copper coin crisis.Under the maritime prohibition and tribute system,alongside the copper coin ban,large quantities of Ming copper coins such as Hongwu Tongbao and Yongle Tongbao were exported to Ryukyu through various trade channels,establishing their importance in Ryukyu’s currency circulation.From the Zhengtong period onwards,with the weakening of the tribute system and the relaxation of the copper coins ban policy,culminating in its complete lifting during the Tianshun period,the Ming Dynasty lifted the bans without minting new copper coins.This led to rampant private minting,selective use of copper coins and declining credibility of copper coins,which upgraded the copper coin crisis that even spread to Ryukyu.Literary and archaeological evidence shows that since the 15th century,Ryukyu’s currency was affected by the Ming copper coin ban and the ensuing crisis.To be specific,there was a shortage of Ming copper coins,a proliferation of crude and counterfeit coins and the mixed use of domestic and Japanese copper coins.The concurrent copper coin shortage and selective use of currency in Japan,along with the flow of copper coins between Japan and Ryukyu,further underscored the widespread impact.All these revealed the close economic ties between China and other Asian countries through trade and currency,highlighting the diversification of trade currencies in the region and the broad influence of the Ming dynasty’s monetary reforms.

关 键 词：明朝 禁钱政策 铜钱危机 琉球货币 

分 类 号：F822.9[经济管理—财政学] K248[历史地理—历史学]