北京冬奥会延庆复杂地形冬季和早春地面风场精细特征对比研究  

Comparative Study on Fine Characteristics of Surface Wind Field in Winter and Early Spring over Yanqing Complex Terrain during Beijing Winter Olympics

作　　者：徐景峰 宋林烨 陈婧 杨璐 陈明轩 韩雷[2] XU Jingfeng;SONG Linye;CHEN Jing;YANG Lu;CHEN Mingxuan;HAN Lei(Institute of Urban Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration,Beijing 100089,China;Ocean University of China,Qingdao 266100,Shandong,China;Beijing Meteorological Data Center,Beijing 100089,China;Urban Meteorological Key Open Laboratory,China Meteorological Administration,Beijing 100089,China;Beijing Urban Meteorological Engineering Research Center,Beijing 100089,China)

机构地区：[1]北京城市气象研究院,北京100089 [2]中国海洋大学,山东青岛266100 [3]北京市气象数据中心,北京100089 [4]中国气象局城市气象重点开放实验室,北京100089 [5]北京城市气象工程技术研究中心,北京100089

出　　处：《高原气象》2025年第2期378-392,共15页Plateau Meteorology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(42275012);北京市自然科学基金项目(8212025);国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3004103)。

摘　　要：风是历届冬奥会十分关注的气象条件之一,是影响北京冬奥会山地赛事的首要气象因素,复杂地形下局地风场的精细化时空分布规律可以为赛道施工、风场预报、防风措施提供重要的理论依据。本文利用2017年12月至2022年3月北京冬奥会延庆高山区不同海拔常规地面自动气象站和冬奥赛道加密站逐小时观测资料,研究了冬季(12月至次年2月)和早春(3月,残奥会期间)复杂地形下局地风场的精细化时空分布特征,重点对比分析了风速风向频率分布、日变化规律及季节变化差异。首先采用K-Means聚类方法将所有自动站分为四组,组1到组4分别代表延庆低海拔远郊区、东北山麓过渡区、西南过渡区、高海拔山顶区,然后以组为单位进行精细化特征分析。结果表明:(1)大风发生频率与海拔紧密相关,海拔越高,则大风发生频率越高。组1和组2(海拔1000 m以下)小风(<3.3 m·s^(-1))发生频率超过80%,而大风(≥10.7 m·s^(-1))占比为0%;组3(海拔1000 m以上)小风发生频率下降至75%以下,并偶尔发生大风,但占比不足1%;组4(海拔1800 m以上)风速频率分布发生质变,大风出现频率增加至10%以上,其中冬季远高于早春。(2)风向分布特征存在显著的局地性差异。组4受大尺度冬季风环流主导,盛行偏西北风,极少出现其他风向;组1~3受大尺度环流、山谷风环流和局地下垫面综合作用,各个风向以不同频率发生。(3)日循环变化呈现高、低海拔截然相反的特征。组1~3风速夜间小、白天大,组4则表现为夜间大、白天小、午间小风“窗口期”规律;组1~3存在明显的风向日夜转换,转换时间为日出和日落后,组4风向不存在日变化。(4)从季节变化看,早春风场和冬季存在较明显的差异,且局地差异较大。相比冬季,早春组1~2白天风速增大,组3夜间风速降低,组4全天风速均大幅减小;早春风向相对更多变,组1东北风向显著增多,组Wind is one of the most important meteorological conditions in previous Winter Olympics,and it is the primary factor that affects the mountain events for Beijing Winter Olympics.Understanding the fine distribution law of wind can provide important theoretical basis for track construction,wind forecast and prevention measures.Using hourly observation data from surface automatic weather stations at different altitudes in Yanqing mountain area of Beijing Winter Olympics from December 2017 to March 2022,this study investigated the characteristics of local wind field during winter and early spring(Mar,Paralympics period)under complex terrain,focusing on comparing the frequency of wind speeds and directions,as well as the diurnal and seasonal variations.Firstly,all stations were grouped into four categories using the K-Means clustering algorithm,and Groups 1 to 4 represent the low-elevation Yangqing suburb area,the northeastern foothills transition area,the southwestern transition area and the high-elevation mountain top area,respectively.Subsequently,fine-grained characteristic analysis was conducted on each group separately.Results show that:(1)The frequency of strong winds is closely related to the altitude,with higher altitudes generally having a higher frequency of strong winds.In Groups 1~2(altitude below 1000 m),the frequency of light winds(≤3.3 m·s^(-1))exceeds 80%,while the proportion of strong winds(≥10.7 m·s^(-1))is 0%.In Group 3(above 1000 m),the frequency of light winds decreases to below 75%,and strong winds occasionally occur for less than 1%.In Group 4(above 1800 m),there is a significant shift in the wind speed frequency distribution,with the frequency of strong winds increasing to above 10%,which is much higher during winter compared to early spring.(2)There are significant local variations in the distribution characteristics of wind directions.Group 4 is primarily dominated by large-scale winter monsoonal circulation,resulting in a prevailing northwesterly wind,with rare concurrence of other wi

关 键 词：复杂地形 近地面风 精细化时空特征 聚类算法 

分 类 号：P425.4[天文地球—大气科学及气象学]