不爱远航的稻农:中国沿海早期生业经济传统与海洋取向  

Why Rice Farmers don't Sail Far:Coastal Subsistence Economic Traditions and Maritime Trends in Early China

作　　者：秦岭 傅稻镰[3] Qin Ling;Fu Daolian

机构地区：[1]北京大学中国考古学研究中心 [2]北京大学考古文博学院 [3]伦敦大学学院考古学院

出　　处：《南方文物》2024年第6期76-96,共21页Cultural Relics in Southern China

摘　　要：长江下游是稻作农业早期发展和湿地稻田系统形成的关键地区。该地区新石器时代遗址的生计模式突出了淡水湿地对植物和动物食物资源的重要性。新石器时代晚期,从事稻作农业的农民主要依赖内陆地区(尤其是湿地和附近的林地)作为他们的主要蛋白质来源,而与海洋的联系非常有限。相较于旱稻和其他作物而言,水稻的产量更高,所以长江下游地区以水稻为主的生计策略可以支持本地人口的数量和密度快速增长。稻作农业需要大规模的劳力投入和对水资源的有效管理,而这会推动社会结构朝着更复杂的方向发展,位于长江下游地区的良渚文化便是一例。人口的增长可能在很大程度上被本地吸收,表明人口变化的主导趋势是向内集聚而非向外迁徙。朝鲜半岛、日本等地的其他农业扩散案例,进一步说明了稻作农业传播和人口语言扩散之间缺乏相关性。尽管稻作农业作为拉动因素推动了当地人口密度和社会复杂性的增加,却似乎并没有推动人群向外扩散。相反,从水稻到雨养稻作(旱稻)农业系统的转变或者稻作与其他雨养谷物的结合,更有可能推动了早期农民的向外迁徙和农作物的传播。The Lower Yangtze River Valley is a key region for the early development of rice farming and the emergence of wet rice paddy field systems.Subsistence evidence from Neolithic sites in this area highlights the importance of freshwater wetlands for both plant and animal food resources.Early Neolithic rice cultivators looked inland,especially to wetlands and nearby woodlands,for their main protein sources.Links to the sea among these Neolithic populations are notably scarce.Due to the high yields of wet rice,compared with other staple crops as well as dryland rice,the wetland rice focused subsistence strategy of the Lower Yangtze would have supported high,and increasing,local population densities.Paddy agriculture demands labor input and water management on a large scale,which would have stimulated and reinforced trends towards more complex societies,such as that represented by Liangzhu in the lower Yangtze region.Population growth could have been largely absorbed locally,suggesting that population packing,not migration,was the dominant trend.Other case studies of agricultural dispersal,for the Korean Peninsula and Japan further illustrate the lack of correlation between the spread of rice agriculture and wet rice cultivation.Although wet rice cultivation was a pull factor that drew local populations towards increased density and increased social complexity,it did not apparently push groups to migrate outwards.Instead,the transition from wetland to rain fed rice cultivation systems and/or the integration of rice with rain fed millet crops are much more likely to have driven the demographic dynamics that underpin early farmer migrations and crop dispersal.

关 键 词：新石器时代 沿海经济 海洋取向 

分 类 号：S-09[农业科学] K21[历史地理—历史学]