新出文献与中国上古史诗三种形态及其主题  

The Newly Unearthed Documents and the Three Forms and Its Themes of Ancient Chinese Epics

作　　者：张树国[1] ZHANG Shu-guo

机构地区：[1]杭州师范大学人文学院,杭州311210

出　　处：《北方论丛》2025年第2期27-39,共13页The Northern Forum

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“简帛书写与上古文学经典关系研究”(22BZW051);赵敏俐先生主持教育部重大攻关项目“中华文明与早期书写”(2023RW002)子项目“中华上古文明与简帛书写”阶段性成果。

摘　　要：中国上古史诗包括吟诵史诗、舞蹈史诗、壁画史诗三种形态,吟诵史诗主要包括《诗经·大雅》中《生民》《公刘》《緜》《皇矣》《大明》五首史诗,是宗教祭仪中的叙事部分;舞蹈史诗包括《商颂》五篇及《周大武乐章》;壁画史诗为屈原《天问》,是屈原在楚顷襄王时期流放陵阳(今安徽池州)见到春秋吴国遗存神殿壁画而作图咏,是一部兴亡史诗。这三种形态的史诗之间存在互证互文的内在联系,《商颂》作于殷武王(即武乙在世时期)时代,与屈原《天问》这一壁画史诗有隐秘联系;通过新出竹书诸如上博简《子羔篇》、清华简《程寤篇》《保训篇》以及相关金文文献,可知“文王受命”隐含着文王称王的史实,史诗中的感生神话实际上是受命神话,“受命”思想是贯穿上古史诗创作的主题,体现了王道正义、君权神授、神道设教的宗教政治思想,彰显了上古时代的民族精神。Ancient Chinese epics come in three forms:chanted epics,dance epics,and mural epics.Chanted epics mainly consist of five epics in the“Great Odes”section of the Book of Songs:“Sheng Min”,“Gong Liu”,“Mian”,“Huang Yi”,and“Da Ming”,which are the narrative parts of religious rituals.Dance epics include the five“Shang Songs”and the“Zhou Da Wu Music Chapters”.The mural epic is Qu Yuan’s“Tian Wen”,which was created when Qu Yuan was exiled to Lingyang(now Chizhou,Anhui Province)during the reign of King Qingxiang of Chu and saw the mural paintings of the remaining temple of the Spring and Autumn Period's State of Wu.It is an epic of rise and fall.These three forms of epics have an intrinsic connection of mutual verification and intertextuality.The“Shang Ode”were composed during the reign of King Wu of Shang(i.e.,during the lifetime of King Wu Yi),and they have a hidden connection with Qu Yuan’s mural epic“Tian Wen”.Through newly discovered bamboo slips such as the Shanghai Museum Slips“Zigao”and the Tsinghua Slips“Cheng Wu”and“Bao Xun”,as well as related bronze inscriptions,it is known that the“Mandate of Heaven”for King Wen implies the historical fact of his becoming king.The birth myths in the epics are actually myths of the Mandate of Heaven.The idea of“Mandate of Heaven”is a theme running through the creation of ancient Chinese epics,embodying the religious and political ideas of the Way of the King,the divine right of kings,and the establishment of moral teachings through the divine,and highlighting the national spirit of the ancient times.

关 键 词：新出文献 中国上古史诗 三种形态 受命 

分 类 号：I207.2[文学—中国文学]