职业康复对精神障碍患者的影响及其作用机制  

The effect of vocational rehabilitation on patients with mental disorders and its mechanisms

作　　者：曹迪[1] 慈勤英[1] CAO Di;CI Qinying(School of Sociology,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430072,China)

机构地区：[1]武汉大学社会学院,武汉430072

出　　处：《心理科学进展》2025年第4期704-716,共13页Advances in Psychological Science

基　　金：北京市社会科学基金一般项目(21SRB007)的阶段性成果;北京玉润公益基金会玉润健康研究基金(2022YRJL-006)资助。

摘　　要：职业康复(vocational rehabilitation)是一种采用职业训练和职业支持的服务方法,核心目标是恢复心理社会功能与获得就业,在促进精神障碍患者回归社会领域具有独特优势。职业康复对精神障碍患者的影响体现在职业性与心理性两个方面,也与个体特征、人际关系、福利政策等因素相关。目前针对职业康复有效性的理论解释存在争议。为进一步探明其作用机制,本文基于复元(recovery)理念和精神障碍群体的疾病特征,分别从认知复元、动机复元、行为复元层面,提出了一个整合性的职业康复模型。该模型认为,通过强化工作记忆、满足效能需求、提供就业支持等方式,职业康复能促进精神障碍患者复元,以实现社会融入目标。相较以往模型,其优势体现在凸显再社会化作用、构建系统化机制、纳入心理后果以及对其他精神障碍人群研究的借鉴意义。未来研究应从职业康复的跨文化比较、完善测评工具、开发个性化训练方案等方面进行拓展。Vocational rehabilitation is a service method that uses vocational training and vocational support,with the core objective of restoring psychosocial functioning and obtaining employment.It has a unique advantage in promoting patients with mental disorders reintegratet in to society.The impact of vocational rehabilitation on patients with mental disorders is reflected in both occupational and psychological aspects,and is also related to individual characteristics,interpersonal relationships,and welfare policies.The effectiveness of vocational rehabilitation is currently controversial.In order to further explore its mechanism,on the basis of the recovery theory and the characteristics of mental disorders,this paper constructs an integrated model of vocational rehabilitation from the cognitivity,motivation,and behavior.The model suggests that vocational rehabilitation can promote the recovery of patients with mental disorders and realize the goal of social integration by strengthening working memory,satisfying the need for effectiveness,and providing employment support.Compared with previous models,its strengths include highlighting the role of resocialization,constructing a systematic mechanism,incorporating psychological consequences,and its relevance to research on other mental disorder populations.Future studies should focus on researching cross-cultural comparisons of vocational rehabilitation,refining the assessment tools,and designing the individualized training programs.

关 键 词：职业康复 精神障碍患者 复元理念 职业康复模型 

分 类 号：R395[哲学宗教—心理学]