电动汽车火灾热释放速率的对比分析研究  

Comparative analysis research on heat release rate of electric vehicle fires

作　　者：张颖 彭磊 吴洪有 李冠男 Zhang Ying;Peng Lei;Wu Hongyou;Li Guannan(Tianjin Taida Fire Technology Co.,Ltd.,Tianjin 300381,China;Tianjin HiTech Fire Technology Center,Tianjin 300381,China;Tianjin Fire Science and Technology Research Institute of MPS,Tianjin 300381,China)

机构地区：[1]天津泰达消防科技有限公司,天津300381 [2]天津海泰消防科技中心,天津300381 [3]应急管理部天津消防研究所,天津300381

出　　处：《消防科学与技术》2025年第3期313-319,共7页Fire Science and Technology

基　　金：天津市科技计划项目(课题)(23KPXMRC00270)。

摘　　要：通过电动汽车整车燃烧试验测量其火灾热释放速率和总热释放热量,分析了不同因素对电动汽车火灾热释放速率的影响,为全面了解电动汽车的火灾危险性、合理确定电动汽车及车库的灭火救援策略和防火技术措施提供支持。研究表明:过充方式诱导锂电池失控并引燃车辆的火灾发展速率,快于加热电池和外部火源的诱导方式。加热方式诱导三元锂电池引燃车辆与过充方式诱导磷酸铁锂电池引燃车辆的热释放速率发展趋势相当;当电动汽车底盘下方引火源为300 kW时,其火灾增长系数与中速火基本相当;当电动汽车底盘下方引火源为30 kW或车内引火源为5 kW时,其火灾增长系数与慢速火基本相当。相同型号的电动汽车因锂电池内部热失控形成的火灾,其最大热释放速率高于外部火源引发火灾的最大热释放速率,不同引燃模式的总热释放量基本相当。Fire tests on EVs were carried out to measure the heat release rate and total heat release of the EV fires to provide technical support for comprehensive understanding of the fire hazards of electric vehicles,the rational determination of fire fighting and rescuing strategies and prevention and protection measures for electric vehicles and car parks.The influence of different factors on the heat release rate of electric vehicle fires is also presented in this paper.The research results show that the fire growth rate induced by over-charging batteries to ignite the EVs is significantly larger than other ignition methods like over-heating batteries and external fire sources.The development of the heat release rate curve of inducing a NCM lithium battery by over-heating to ignite the vehicle is similar to that of inducing a lithium iron phosphate battery by over-charging to ignite the vehicle.When an external fire source of about 300 kW was used underneath the carriage to ignite the EV,the fire growth rate was approximately equivalent to that of a medium-speed fire.When an external fire source of about 30 kW was used underneath the carriage to ignite the EV or a fire source of 5 kW was used to ignite the interior of the EV carriage,the fire growth rates were approximately equivalent to that of a slow-speed fire.For the elec‐tric vehicles of the same model,the maximum heat release rate caused by thermal runaway of the lithium battery was higher than that caused by an external fire source.However,the total heat released during the tests were identically the same despite the different ignition method.

关 键 词：电动汽车 锂电池 热失控 火灾蔓延 火灾热释放速率 

分 类 号：X913.4[环境科学与工程—安全科学] TM912[电气工程—电力电子与电力传动]