苏北地区大蒜与洋葱化肥减量增效技术研究  

Technology of Reducing Chemical Fertilizer and Increasing Economic Benefit of Garlic and Onion in North of Jiangsu Province

作　　者：李楠 岳慧 王光飞[2] 陆超 马艳[2] 仇美华 LI Nan;YUE Hui;WANG Guangfei;LU Chao;MA Yan;QIU Meihua(Xinyi Agricultural and Rural Bureau,Xuzhou 221499,Jiangsu,China;Institute of Agricultural Sciences and Environments,Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences,National Agricultural Experiment Station for Agricultural Environment in Luhe,Nanjing 210014,Jiangsu,China;Jiangsu Province Station of Farmland Quality and Agro-environmental Protection,Nanjing 210029,Jiangsu,China)

机构地区：[1]新沂市农业农村局,江苏徐州221499 [2]江苏省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所,国家农业环境六合观测实验站,江苏南京210014 [3]江苏省耕地质量与农业环境保护站,江苏南京210029

出　　处：《中国蔬菜》2025年第3期143-149,共7页China Vegetables

基　　金：江苏省农业科技自主创新资金资助项目〔CX(22)3121〕;国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1702200);江苏现代农业(蔬菜)产业技术体系项目〔JATS(2023)317〕。

摘　　要：为探索不同化肥减量增效技术在大蒜和洋葱生产中的应用效果,采用田间小区试验,以当地常规施肥为对照(CK),研究有机肥+秸秆腐解菌剂(OFT)、缓控肥(SRF)、生物有机肥(BOF)处理在化肥减施24%基础上对大蒜与洋葱产量、品质和土壤性状的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,OFT和BOF处理可以提高大蒜和洋葱鳞茎产量,分别提高了10.33%和22.38%。OFT和BOF处理有效提高大蒜和洋葱的可溶性糖含量,而OFT、SRF处理降低了硝酸盐含量。OFT处理土壤中外源促腐木霉菌定殖高,真菌数量高于其余处理,对土壤有机质含量提升效果显著;BOF处理土壤细菌和芽孢杆菌数量高于其余处理;SRF处理则略降低了土壤真菌和细菌数量。3种处理均削减了土壤过剩速效钾养分,同时提高了土壤中不足的有机质和硝态氮含量。从经济效益角度而言,BOF处理大蒜和洋葱分别增收5076元·hm^(-2)和8884元·hm^(-2),其次为SRF处理,OFT处理增收最低。综上,3种处理均能在减施24%化肥的条件下实现增产增效,其中施用生物有机肥效果最佳。Field experiments were conducted to explore the effects of organic fertilizer combined with straw decomposition agent(OFT),slow-release fertilizer(SRF),and bio-organic fertilizer(BOF)under the condition of reducing chemical fertilizer nutrients by 24%on garlic and onion production.The conventional fertilization was set as control(CK).The results showed that both OFT and BOF treatments effectively increased the garlic and onion yields compared with CK treatment,increasing garlic yield by 10.33%and onion yield by 22.38%,respectively.OFT and BOF treatments effectively increased the soluble sugar content of garlic and onion,and OFT and SRF treatments effectively reduced the nitrate content.OFT treatment has the most significant effect on improving soil organic matter content,with a higher fungal abundance and significantly higher colonization of Trichoderma.BOF treatment increased the abundance of bacteria and Bacillus in soil.However,SRF treatment slightly reduced soil fungal and bacterial abundance.All three treatments reduced the excess available potassium content,while increased the insufficient organic matter and nitrate nitrogen content.In terms of economic benefits,BOF treatment increased the income of garlic and onion by 5706 yuan·hm^(-2) and 8884 yuan·hm^(-2),respectively,followed by SRF treatment;however,OFT treatment exerted low net economic benefits.Therefore,all three treatments achieved increased yield and efficiency under the condition of reducing chemical fertilizer application,and bio-organic fertilizer has the best effect.

关 键 词：大蒜 洋葱 生物有机肥 秸秆腐解菌剂 缓控肥 经济效益 

分 类 号：S63[农业科学—蔬菜学]