18世纪英国刑事逮捕权的扩大及其影响  

The Expansion of Arrest Power in Criminal Prosecution and Its Impact in Eighteenth Century England

作　　者：杨松涛[1] Yang Songtao

机构地区：[1]天津师范大学欧洲文明研究院,天津300387

出　　处：《中山大学学报(社会科学版)》2025年第2期115-127,共13页Journal of Sun Yat-sen University(Social Science Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“17—18世纪英格兰乡村警役与基层治理研究”(21BSS023)。

摘　　要：在英国历史上,刑事司法具有显著的民众参与性,对犯罪嫌疑人的逮捕主要由普通个人来承担,而官方警务力量,即作为非专业官员的警役,只起到辅助作用。从17世纪后期到18世纪前期,先前由普通民众担任的警役一职逐渐走向官僚化,这一过程伴随着警役逮捕权的扩大,主要体现在他们可以基于他人报告的怀疑来实施逮捕。当时有法学家对警役逮捕权扩大的合法性提出质疑,且不乏有人希望通过正当程序来保护个人自由,以限制警役的逮捕权,但在整体上,这些观点并未显著改变当时的执法实践。借助于禁止夜行的法律和流民法,下层民众,尤其女性,容易成为警役实施逮捕的目标。18世纪英国刑事起诉中逮捕权的扩大具有明显的社会性别和阶级偏见。In British history,criminal justice heavily involved public participation,with the arrest of suspects primarily carried out by ordinary individuals,while official policing forces played a supporting role.From the late 17th to early 18th centuries,the role of constable became increasingly bureaucratic,leading to an expansion of their arrest powers,allowing arrests based on others’suspicions.Legal scholars questioned the legitimacy of this expanded authority,and some advocated for due process to protect personal liberty and to limit the arrest power of constable.However,these ideas did not significantly alter law enforcement practices at the time.Arrests under laws against nightwalking and vagrancy often targeted lower-class women.The expansion of arrest power in 18th century English criminal prosecutions shows clear gender and class biases.

关 键 词：18世纪 英国 逮捕 社会性别 警役 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]