稀土在低合金高强钢焊缝金属中的应用与研究现状  

Research Status of Rare Earth Elements in High-Strength Low-Alloy Weld Metals

作　　者：李春剑 徐锴 冯伟[1] 刘满雨 李佳楠 LI Chunjian;XU Kai;FENG Wei;LIU Manyu;LI Jianan(Harbin Well Welding Limited Company,Harbin 150028,China;Harbin Welding Institute Limited Company,CAM,Harbin 150028,China)

机构地区：[1]哈尔滨威尔焊接有限责任公司,黑龙江哈尔滨150000 [2]中国机械总院集团哈尔滨焊接研究所有限公司,黑龙江哈尔滨150028

出　　处：《电焊机》2025年第3期15-27,共13页Electric Welding Machine

基　　金：黑龙江省重点研发计划项目(2022ZX04A01)。

摘　　要：综述稀土元素对低合金高强钢焊缝金属的影响,包括其对焊接工艺性和焊缝金属组织性能的影响,总结了稀土元素对焊丝、焊条和焊剂的工艺性改善作用,以及对焊缝金属中夹杂物和固溶态的影响。并探讨了不同焊材制备方法下稀土元素的引入方式,以及目前常用的焊缝金属中稀土元素的检测方法。结果表明:稀土元素能改善焊丝、焊条和焊剂的工艺性,主要体现在增强电弧稳定性、改善熔滴与熔渣性能、实现超低飞溅、减少焊接缺陷及优化焊缝成形等方面;通过复杂冶金反应形成复合夹杂物及固溶态,可以净化焊缝、细化晶粒、诱导针状铁素体形核,从而提高焊缝强度、韧性和耐腐蚀性;根据不同焊材制备方式,稀土的添加方式和存在形式对其过渡率有明显影响;相较于传统分析方法,电感耦合等离子体分析技术在检测焊缝中稀土元素的含量方面的优势更加明显。当前稀土元素在焊缝金属中的作用机理尚不完全清楚,添加方式与检测方法也限制了其在焊材中的进一步应用和发展。未来需要加强对稀土元素在焊缝金属中作用机理的研究,优化稀土元素的添加量和添加方式,并建立完善的检测标准,以推动稀土在低合金高强钢焊材中的应用。The passage reviews the impact of rare earth elements on the weld metal of low-alloy high-strength steel,including their effects on welding processibility and the microstructure and properties of the weld metal.It summarizes the role of rare earth elements in improving the processability of welding wires,electrodes,and fluxes,as well as their impact on inclusions and solid solutions in the weld metal.The paper also discusses the methods of introducing rare earth elements under different welding material preparation methods and the commonly used detection methods for rare earth elements in weld metal.Results indicate that rare earth elements can enhance the processability of welding wires,electrodes,and fluxes,primarily by enhancing arc stability,improving droplet and slag properties,achieving ultra-low spatter,reducing welding defects,and optimizing weld formation.Through complex metallurgical reactions,they form composite inclusions and solid solutions,which can purify the weld,refine the grain,and induce needle-like ferrite nucleation,thereby enhancing the strength,toughness,and corrosion resistance of the weld.Depending on the method of preparing the welding materials,the way and form in which rare earths are added significantly affect their transition rate.Compared to traditional analysis methods,inductively coupled plasma analysis technology has a more pronounced advantage in detecting the content of rare earth elements in the weld.The current understanding of the mechanisms by which rare earth elements operate in weld metal is still not entirely clear,and the methods of addition and detection also limit their further application and development in welding materials.Future efforts need to focus on researching the functioning mechanisms of rare earth elements in weld metal,optimizing the amount and methods of adding rare earth elements,and establishing comprehensive detection standards to promote the application of rare earths in low-alloy high-strength steel welding materials.

关 键 词：低合金高强钢 焊缝金属 组织性能 焊接工艺性 稀土添加 化学检测 

分 类 号：TG457.1[金属学及工艺—焊接]