一国严重违反强行法给各国带来的法律后果:国际法院“巴勒斯坦被占领土案”引发的思考  

The Legal Consequences Arising from a Serious Breach of Obligation under Jus Cogens by One State for All States:A Reflection on the ICJ's Advisory Opinion in the Occupied Palestinian Territory Case

作　　者：孔令杰[1] 汪莲 Kong Lingjie;Wang Lian

机构地区：[1]武汉大学中国边界与海洋研究院

出　　处：《南大法学》2025年第2期16-35,共20页NanJing University Law Journal

基　　金：国家社科基金重大专项(22VHQ004)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：一国严重违反强行法给各国创设的义务被写入《国家对国际不法行为的责任条款草案》之中,主要包括不承认、不帮助或协助维持、合作制止等义务。《草案》第40和41条规定了这些义务的适用条件和基本要求,但它们在个案中的具体适用,特别是判断一国是否违反相关义务的标准,尚存在很大的争议和不确定性。本文以国际法院“巴勒斯坦被占领土案”为切入点,着重研究各国因以色列持续非法占领巴勒斯坦领土、侵犯巴勒斯坦人民的民族自决权、实施种族歧视、违反国际人道法基本规则等行为而承担的上述三项义务的具体要求,指出并论证美国等国家已经且持续违反这些义务。The particular consequences of a serious breach of obligations under jus cogens are provided for in Chapter Ⅲ of the Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts.Article 40 sets out the standard for testing the seriousness of a breach of an obligation under jus cogens,which constitutes the threshold for invoking the applicability of Article 41.Three particular consequences for all States are provided for in Article 41,i.e.,the duty of cooperation to bring an end any serious breach,not to recognize as lawful a situation created by a serious breach,and not to render aid or assistance in maintaining that situation.Nevertheless,uncertainties and controversies remain regarding the specific requirements of these obligations in cases,particularly the criteria for ascertaining a breach of relevant obligations by a third State in a specific situation.Based on the ICJ's Advisory Opinion in the Occupied Palestinian Territory Case,this paper examines the legal issues surrounding the concrete obligations for all states that arise from the prolonged occupation of Palestinian territory,violations of the right to self-determination of the Palestinian people,racial discrimination,violations of the basic rules of international humanitarian law and other acts of serious breaches of jus cogens by Israel.This paper argues that the United States and other states have breached and continue to breach these obligations.

关 键 词：国家责任法 严重违反强行法 对世义务 法律后果 “巴勒斯坦被占领土案” 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]