论真正利益第三人合同的解除权行使规则  

Exercise of the Right to Terminate in Contracts for the Benefit of Third Parties

作　　者：金圣美 Jin Shengmei

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学法学院 [2]意大利比萨大学

出　　处：《南大法学》2025年第2期56-74,共19页NanJing University Law Journal

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“民法典多人债之关系及其诉讼构造研究”(项目编号:21AFX017)的成果之一。

摘　　要：在真正利益第三人合同中,当债务人违约时,解除权应当由债权人还是第三人行使,不仅要考虑解除本身,而且要考虑解除与损害赔偿的联动。第三人应享有替代给付损害赔偿请求权,且第三人权利在第三人表示接受或其拒绝权的合理期限经过后不可撤销,应对债权人解除利益和第三人信赖保护进行衡量。第三人不享有解除利益,行使解除权会使第三人无法向债务人请求替代给付损害赔偿,也无法实现取回标的物以自行替代交易的需求,第三人“不受领原定给付”的需求可以通过向债务人主张替代给付损害赔偿实现。当第三人想维持合同但债权人想解除合同时,由于第三人权利具有加强第三人地位的功能,且债权人自身对第三人违约的风险规避需求可以通过选择不真正利益第三人合同、保留对第三人权利的撤销权、约定解除权等方式实现,无须通过牺牲第三人权利的方式换取债权人的解除自由,因此债权人行使解除权需要第三人同意。In contracts for the benefit of third parties,whether the right to terminate should be exercised by the creditor or by the third party when the debtor is in default should be considered not only in terms of the termination itself,but also in terms of the linkage between the termination and damages.The third party should have the right to claim damages instead of performance,and the third party's rights are generally irrevocable after they express acceptance or after a reasonable period for their right of refusal has passed,it is better to weigh the creditor's interest in termination against the reliance protection of the third party.The third party does not enjoy the benefit of termination,the exercise of the right to terminate will prevent the third party from claiming damages from the debtor,and also can not realize the need of retrieving the subject matter in order to substitute transaction.The third party's need of “not receiving the original performance” can be realized by claiming damages instead of performance from the debtor.When the third party wants to maintain the contract but the creditor wants to terminate the contract,since the third party's rights have the function of strengthening the third party's position,and the creditor's need to avoid the risk of breach of contract to the third party can be realized by choosing a third-party contract that does not really benefit the third party,retaining the right to revoke the third party's rights,or agreeing on the right to terminate etc.,without sacrificing the third party's rights in exchange for the creditor's freedom of termination,therefore,the creditor needs the consent of the third party to exercise the right to terminate.

关 键 词：真正利益第三人合同 解除权 第三人权利 替代给付损害赔偿 对价关系 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]