论真正利益第三人合同法定解除权的分配模式  

Research on the Distribution Model of Statutory Termination Rights in Contract for the Benefit of Third Parties

作　　者：林婉婷 Lin Wanting

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《南大法学》2025年第2期75-94,共20页NanJing University Law Journal

摘　　要：真正利益第三人合同因债务人违约而符合法定解除事由时,债权人与第三人共同行使法定解除权系一般理想状态,得以保障债权人之意思自治与第三人之合同利益。合同被共同解除后,债务人能够直接向第三人主张财产返还请求权。但在债权人与第三人就解除合同存在利益冲突而无法就解除合同达成一致的非理想状态下,需要通过利益衡量重新确定解除权的分配。若第三人不同意解除合同,在债务人不履行时债权人可向第三人代为清偿之后直接解除合同;在债务人履行不适格时,第三人之给付利益可以借助解除权行使之效果实现,也不应剥夺债权人之解除权。《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国民法典〉合同编通则若干问题的解释》第29条第2款是针对此种情形中债权人单独解除合同后的解除效果所作出的安排。若债权人不同意解除合同,当第三人具有恢复原因关系中原定给付之利益或特殊人身利益时,能够例外地突破合同相对性,由第三人单独解除真正利益第三人合同。合同解除之后,债务人能够直接向第三人主张财产返还请求权。Under ideal conditions,both the creditor and the third party jointly exercise the right to terminate to safeguard the autonomy of the creditor and the contractual interests of the third party.After the contract is terminated jointly,the debtor can directly demand the return of property from the third party.However,conflicts of interest may arise between the creditor and the third party regarding the termination of the contract,preventing a consensus on termination,thus necessitating a balance of interests to determine the distribution of the right to terminate.If the third party disagrees with the termination,the creditor can terminate the contract directly after settling the payment on behalf of the third party.This is because the third party's interest in the payment can be completely addressed through the effects of exercising the right to terminate—the debtor cannot demand the return of the subject matter from the third party but only from the creditor—hence,there is no need to deprive the creditor of the right to terminate.Article 29,Paragraph 2 of the “General Provisions of Judicial Interpretation on Contracts” specifically addresses the effects that the creditor terminates the contract alone.Finally,even if the creditor is unwilling to terminate the contract,the third party can exceptionally break through the relativity of the contract and terminate the contract for the benefit of third party when there is a need to restore the originally stipulated interest in payment and special personal interests.The debtor can directly demand the return of property from the third party when the contract is terminated.

关 键 词：真正利益第三人合同 补偿关系 原因关系 解除权 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]