针对人工智能生成影像侵权的保护  

Infringement Protection Against AI Images

作　　者： 邓环宇(译) Viktoria Kraetzig;Deng Huanyu

机构地区：[1]德国柏林自由大学 [2]北京航空航天大学

出　　处：《南大法学》2025年第2期168-184,共17页NanJing University Law Journal

摘　　要：生成式人工智能系统能够创造出以假乱真的人工智能生成影像。这些系统可以以极高的精度模仿真实人物的声音和外貌,令人难辨真假。如果这些人工智能生成影像被用作欺骗性深度伪造,可能会对被代表者的人格权造成严重影响。利用人工智能系统,人们可以任意操控人工智能生成影像,将其置于嘲讽、诋毁,甚至虚构的色情场景中。然而不仅是深度伪造,即使是标明了虚构性的人工智能生成影像,也可能侵犯被代表者的权益。这是因为,根据德国侵权责任法的原则,任何人展示他人肖像时都必须获得当事人的同意。德国的侵权责任法能够应对这些数字世界中对人格权的新威胁,因为民法中的一般人格权作为框架性权利,可涵盖数字领域中的新威胁,包括欺骗性的深度伪造。但对此,必须始终考虑基本权利的冲突:尤其是使用深度伪造的或明确标识虚构性的人工智能生成影像,可能受到艺术自由和言论自由的保护。因此,个案中需进行权衡。被代表者人格权的权衡取决于所涉具体领域。对于隐私权侵权,保护艺术自由也无法作为正当理由。如同在其他数字使用场景中一样,法律执行往往会面临困难。然而,德国的侵权责任法至少提供了一种能够处理深度伪造的非法使用并反映出基本权利冲突的重要性的责任机制。Generative Artifical Intelligence(AI) models can create AI images that resemble the real people they represent.They can imitate their voice and likeness with such perfection that it is impossible to distinguish them from real people.If these AI images are used as deceptive deepfakes,it can have serious consequences for the personality rights of those represented.With generative AI models,one can manipulate them at will:AI images can be exposed to ridicule,discredited or even placed in fictitious pornographic contexts.But not only deepfakes,but also AI-generated content that is openly labelled as fictitious use can infringe on the rights of those depicted.That is because,in principle,under German tort law everyone must consent to images of their likeness being shown.German tort law can address these new threats to personality rights in the digital world.Because the general right of personality under civil law is designed as a “framework right”,it is able to absorb new threats in the digital area including deceptive deepfakes.However,conflicts of fundamental rights must always be taken into account:in particular,the use of deepfakes and open fictitious uses may be protected by freedom of art and freedom of expression.Therefore,a balance must be struck in each case.The personality right of the person represented weighs depending on the sphere affected.Even artistic freedom will not be able to justify an intrusion into the sphere of intimacy.As in digital usage contexts,law enforcement will often cause difficulties.However,German tort law at least provides for a liability regime capable of addressing the illegal use of deepfakes as well as showing the importance of conflicts of fundamental rights.

关 键 词：生成式人工智能 深度伪造 人格权 侵权责任法 权利平衡 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]