花生荚果力学特性评鉴及早熟种质筛选  

Evaluation of mechanical properties of peanut pods and screening of early maturing germplasm

作　　者：迟晓元[1] 毕竞男 赵健鑫 陈娜[1] 潘丽娟[1] 姜骁 殷祥贞 赵旭红 马俊卿 许静 CHI Xiao-Yuan;BI Jing-Nan;ZHAO Jian-Xin;CHEN Na;PAN Li-Juan;JIANG Xiao;YINXiang-Zhen;ZHAO Xu-Hong;MA Jun-Qing;XU Jing(Shandong Peanut Research Institute,Qingdao 266100,Shandong,China;2 College of Biological Engineering,Qingdao University of Science and Technology,Qingdao 266042,Shandong,China)

机构地区：[1]山东省花生研究所,山东青岛266100 [2]青岛科技大学生物工程学院,山东青岛266042

出　　处：《作物学报》2025年第4期943-957,共15页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2021QC172,ZR2023QC146);新疆维吾尔自治区重大科技专项(2022A02008-3);泰山学者工程专项(tstp20240523,tsqn202312292);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-13);山东省重点研发计划(2024LZGC035),山东省重点研发计划(乡村振兴科技创新提振行动计划)(2022TZXD0031);山东省农业科学院农业科技创新工程(CXGC2023F20,CXGC2024F20);浙江省数字旱粮重点实验室培育开放课题(2022E10012);农业农村部油料作物生物学与遗传育种重点实验室项目(KF2024007)资助。

摘　　要：花生荚果的力学特性是花生机械化收获的重要参考指标,早熟品种的筛选是满足市场需求和提高农业生产效益的重要举措。本研究以499份来自世界各地的花生种质资源为材料,对其果柄强度、荚果破壳力和成熟率等指标进行测定和分析。果柄强度测定结果显示,499份种质材料之间变异广泛(3.55~15.54 N),265份种质的成熟荚果果柄强度(7.13 N)大于未成熟荚果果柄强度(6.99N),38份种质材料的果柄强度在不同成熟度之间存在显著或极显著差异;平均秧-柄脱落力(7.51N)大于果-柄脱落力(7.11N),48份种质材料在秧-柄节点的脱落力显著或极显著高于果-柄节点;荚果侧压破壳力>正压破壳力>立压破壳力,3个方向的荚果破壳力两两之间均存在极显著差异;花生荚果的果柄强度与果-柄脱落力的相关性最大(r=0.99,P<0.01);花生荚果力学特性的13个性状综合成为4个主成分因子,累计贡献率为63.83%;多元回归分析表明,果-柄脱落力、果-柄脱落百分率、荚果层厚度、未熟荚果果柄强度和秧-柄脱落力是影响果柄强度的主要性状;最终筛选出16份荚果力学特性优异、早熟的优异种质资源,为后续培育早熟且适应机械化收获的花生新品种提供参考。The mechanical properties of peanut pods are critical reference indicators for mechanized harvesting,and selecting early-maturing varieties is a key strategy to meet market demand and improve agricultural production efficiency.In this study,we measured and analyzed peg strength,pod rupture force,and maturity rates in 499 peanut germplasm resources from around the world.The results revealed wide variation in peg strength(3.55-15.54 N),with the peg strength of mature pods(7.13 N)in 265 varieties being greater than that of immature pods(6.99 N).Significant or highly significant differences in peg strength across different maturity stages were observed in 38 materials.The force required to detach the plant from its petiole(7.51 N)was higher than that required to detach the pod from its petiole(7.11 N),with 48 peanut germplasm resources showing significantly or highly significantly higher plant-petiole detachment forces.Significant differences in pod rupture force were detected across three orientations:the lowest rupture force occurred when pods were positioned vertically,and the highest when positioned laterally.Peg strength was most strongly correlated with pod-petiole detachment force(r=0.99,P<0.01).Principal component analysis extracted four main factors related to mechanical properties,with a cumulative contribution rate of 63.83%.Multiple regression analysis identified pod-petiole detachment force,pod-petiole detachment ratio,pod layer thickness,peg strength of immature pods,and plant-petiole detachment force as the main factors influencing peg strength.Ultimately,16 germplasm resources with early maturity and superior pod mechanical properties were identified.This study provides valuable insights for the development of early-maturing peanut varieties well-suited for mechanized harvesting.

关 键 词：花生 荚果力学特性 果柄强度 荚果破壳力 成熟度 

分 类 号：S66[农业科学—果树学]