氮磷钾肥施用对冬油菜增产效果及因冻害减产程度的影响  

Effects of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium fertilizer application on the yield increase of winter oilseed rape and the degree of yield reduction due to freezing stress

作　　者：孟孜贞 刘陈 盛倩男 熊志豪 方娅婷 赵剑 余秋华 王昆昆 李小坤[1] 任涛[1] 鲁剑巍[1] MENG Zi-Zhen;LIU Chen;SHENG Qian-Nan;XIONG Zhi-Hao;FANG Ya-Ting;ZHAO Jian;YUQiu-Hua;WANG Kun-Kun;LI Xiao-Kun;REN Tao;LU Jian-Wei(College of Resources and Environment,Huazhong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation(Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River),Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Microelement Research Center,Wuhan 430070,Hubei,China;Hubei Provincial Station for Soil Quality and Fertilizer Work,Wuhan 430070,Hubei,China)

机构地区：[1]华中农业大学资源与环境学院/农业农村部长江中下游耕地保育重点实验室/微量元素研究中心,湖北武汉430070 [2]湖北省耕地质量与肥料工作总站,湖北武汉430070

出　　处：《作物学报》2025年第4期1037-1049,共13页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目“长江中下游水旱轮作区中低产田障碍消减与产能提升综合模式与应用”(2023YFD1901100);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-12);中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金项目(2662021ZH001)资助。

摘　　要：2024年初长江流域油菜主产区遭遇低温寒潮天气,对冬油菜生产造成不利影响。为研究氮、磷、钾肥配合施用对冬油菜产量的影响并探讨冻害胁迫下对3种养分的响应差异,于2022/2023(对照年)和2023/2024年(冻害年)在长江流域油菜主产区开展多点田间定位试验,设置不施肥(CK)、氮磷钾均施(NPK)以及在此基础上不施氮(-N)、不施磷(-P)、不施钾(-K)共5个处理,结合2个油菜生长季的气象因素,对多点的油菜籽产量、产量构成因子、地上部生物量以及收获指数进行比较,分析不同养分施用条件下油菜应对冻害胁迫的响应差异。结果表明,2个油菜生长季-N、-P、-K处理的油菜籽产量较NPK处理分别平均降低71.8%、76.6%、13.4%,施氮、磷肥显著提高油菜籽产量,而施钾肥的增产作用相对较小。与对照年相比,冻害年中各试验点油菜籽产量均明显降低,CK、-N、-P、-K、NPK处理分别平均降低43.6%、30.7%、48.9%、43.2%、45.7%。单株角果数降低是导致减产的主要原因,各处理的单株角果数分别平均降低37.6%、44.3%、32.3%、22.3%、22.8%,此外,每角粒数和地上部生物量显著降低而收获指数明显增加。进一步对油菜籽产量、气候资源指标和基础土壤养分含量进行相关性分析发现,冻害发生期极端低温天数与冻害程度呈正相关,冻害胁迫下油菜对磷、钾养分需求加剧。综上,油菜生产过程中氮、磷肥是影响高产的主要营养限制因子,磷、钾肥是影响稳产的主要营养限制因子,氮磷钾肥平衡施用有利于维持相对较高的产量。In early 2024,the primary oilseed rape production areas in the Yangtze River Basin experienced low temperatures and cold wave events,which severely impacted winter oilseed rape production.To investigate the effects of combined nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),and potassium(K)fertilizer application on winter rapeseed yield and to examine the differential responses of rapeseed to these nutrients under freezing stress,a multi-site field experiment was conducted during the 2022/2023(control year)and 2023/2024(freezing stress year)growing seasons.The experiment included five treatments:no fertilizer application(CK),balanced application of N,P,and K(NPK),and treatments omitting nitrogen(-N),phosphorus(-P),or potassium(-K)based on the NPK treatment.By integrating meteorological data from the two growing seasons,rapeseed yield,yield components,shoot biomass,and harvest index were compared across multiple sites to analyze the response of rapeseed to freezing stress under different nutrient application conditions.The results showed that,compared to the NPK treatment,rapeseed yields in the-N,-P,and-K treatments were reduced by an average of 71.8%,76.6%,and 13.4%,respectively,across the two growing seasons.This indicates that nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers significantly improved rapeseed yield,while the effect of potassium fertilizer was comparably smaller.When comparing the freezing stress year to the control year,rapeseed yields were significantly reduced across all experimental sites.Specifically,yields under the CK,-N,-P,-K,and NPK treatments decreased by an average of 43.6%,30.7%,48.9%,43.2%,and 45.7%,respectively.A lower number of siliques per plant was identified as the primary cause of yield reduction,with average decreases of 37.6%,44.3%,32.3%,22.3%,and 22.8%observed in the respective treatments.Additionally,the number of seeds per silique and shoot biomass were significantly reduced under freezing stress,while the harvest index showed a significant increase.Further correlation analyses between rapeseed yield,climatic

关 键 词：冬油菜 氮磷钾肥 冻害 产量 产量构成因子 

分 类 号：S51[农业科学—作物学]