气声与分调:基于湘语祁东方言的语音实验分析  

The Breathy Voice and Tone Split:A Phonetic Experimental Analysis Based on Qidong Xiang Dialect

作　　者：夏俐萍[1] 袁丹 陈轶亚[3] XIA Liping;YUAN Dan;CHEN Yiya

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院大学/中国社会科学院语言研究所,北京100732 [2]华东师范大学国际汉语文化学院,上海200062 [3]荷兰莱顿大学语言学中心,莱顿9515

出　　处：《语言学论丛》2025年第1期68-78,共11页Essays on Linguistics

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“区域方言学视角下的湘鄂赣边界方言接触与演变研究”(21BYY016);国家社科基金重大项目“近40年来两代大规模北京口语调查的多模态语料库建设及应用研究”(20&ZD300)的资助。

摘　　要：湘语祁东方言保留《切韵》音系“全清–次清–全浊”的三分清浊格局,且在传统方言学记录中有“清浊同调”现象。本文首先通过嗓音起始时间(VOT)、谐波差(H1^(*)–H2^(*))以及倒频谱峰突出(CPP)等实验分析,表明祁东方言的清浊对立是常态清音和气声的对立,且不存在带音浊音等变体。其次,本文采用增长曲线分析(CGA)统计显示,中古平上去入四声在祁东方言中依音系清浊在声调基频曲线上出现显著差异,除平声清浊两类的基频曲线完全分开外,上去入三类依清浊出现调头分离、调尾接近的特点,反映出祁东方言声调依气声发声态发生了分化。发声态与声调同时构成祁东方言音节辨义的区别特征,但在发展过程中,随着气声在音节辨义中的地位降低,音高差异逐渐发展为主要的音节区别特征,进而在青派发音人中产生了调类的重组与合并。The Qidong vernacular of the Xiang dialect preserves the tripartite phonation Qing-zhuo(清浊)distinction of“Quanqing(全清),Ciqing(次清),and Quanzhuo(全浊)”from the Qie Yun(《切韵》)system.Traditional dialectological records also document the phenomenon of"identical tones carried by syllables with Qing(清)and Zhuo(浊)onsets.This study employs quantitative analyses,including VOT,H1^(*)-H2^(*),and CPP values,to demonstrate that the Qing-zhuo(清浊)contrast in the dialect is realized as an onset contrast between modal voiceless and breathy voice,with no evidence of voiced obstruent variants.Further analysis using CGA growth curves reveals significant diff erences in the fundamental frequency(f0)contours of the four Middle Chinese tones(level,rising,departing,and entering)as determined by the Qing-zhuo(清浊)distinction.Specifically,the level tone exhibits a complete separation of fundamental frequency contours between syllables with Qing(清)and Zhuo(浊)onsets,while the rising,departing,and entering tones display a pattern of f0 divergence at the tone-bearing syllable onset but their f0 off sets converge.This suggests tonal splits based on breathy onset phonation.Both phonation and tone jointly serve as the distinguishing features of syllable types in Qidong Xiang.However,over time,as the role of breathy onset in syllable identification diminished,pitch diff erences became the primary marker.This shift led to the reorganization and merger of tone categories.

关 键 词：湘语祁东方言 清浊对立 气声 分 调 

分 类 号：H17[语言文字—汉语]