重思哈贝马斯的自由优生学批判——一种“弱”自然主义的解释方案  

Rethinking Habermas’ Critique of Liberal Eugenics: A “Weak” Naturalistic Interpretation

作　　者：任梓远 REN Ziyuan(School of Marxism,Zhejiang University of Finance&Econmics,Hangzhou,Zhejiang,310018)

机构地区：[1]浙江财经大学马克思主义学院,浙江杭州310018

出　　处：《自然辩证法通讯》2025年第2期44-51,共8页Journal of Dialectics of Nature

摘　　要：哈贝马斯在《人性的未来》中基于人性的道德化为生物技术和优生实践确立规范性的限制,他认为自由优生学模糊了主观与客观、生长与制造之间的界限,破坏了人类道德上的自我理解。近年来,研究者指责哈贝马斯的人性论证预设了基因决定论的错误前提。这种解读是把哈贝马斯明确反对的自然主义强加给他的人性观点。事实上,哈贝马斯曾多次表达过他的“弱”自然主义立场,换言之,他是从方法论意义上的视角二元论出发,探究人们在施行基因干预时的“视角”如何侵蚀人类规范性的自我理解。此外,哈贝马斯的社会个体化理论表明,视角二元论是由“我们”这种语言和交往共同体在社会化过程中建构的生活形式,对于人类而言是“不可避免的”。In The Future of Human Nature,Habermas establishes normative limits for biotechnology and eugenic practices based on the moralization of human nature,and he argues that free eugenics blurs the boundaries between the subjective and the objective,the grown and the made,and undermines human moral selfunderstanding.Recently,researchers have accused Habermas’s argument from human nature of presupposing the false premise of species essentialism or genetic determinism.This reading imposes on Habermas’s view of human nature naturalism that he explicitly rejects.In fact,Habermas repeatedly expresses his“soft”naturalist position,in other words,he starts from a methodological sense of perspective dualism,inquiring into how one’s perspective in performing genetic interventions erodes normative self-understanding of human beings.Moreover,Habermas’s theory of social individuation suggests that perspective dualism is a kind of life form constructed by the linguistic and interactional community of“us”in the process of socialization,which is inevitable for human beings.

关 键 词：哈贝马斯 自由优生学 物种伦理 “弱”自然主义 视角二元论 

分 类 号：R715[医药卫生—妇产科学] N031[医药卫生—临床医学]