“贸易面向型”人工智能规则:生成逻辑、内容挑战及发展前景  

"Trade-oriented"Artificial Intelligence Rules:Generation Logic,Content Challenges,and Prospects

作　　者：周念利[1,2] 廖宁 龙海泉 ZHOU Nian-li;LIAO Ning;LONG Hai-quan

机构地区：[1]对外经济贸易大学中国WTO研究院,北京100029 [2]对外经济贸易大学国家对外开放研究院,北京100029 [3]中央网信办(国家网信办)数据与技术保障中心,北京100048

出　　处：《东北亚论坛》2025年第2期95-112,128,共19页Northeast Asia Forum

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目(23BGJ091);教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目(22JJD790010);对外经济贸易大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(CXTD14-02);对外经济贸易大学国家(北京)对外开放研究院智库科研团队专项经费(2023TD01)。

摘　　要：人工智能在贸易中的应用滋生了诸多风险,以技术体系为界,可分为技术性风险和制度性风险两类。为了应对上述风险,在区域贸易协定和数字经贸协定中内嵌人工智能规则成为常态,即“贸易面向型”人工智能规则。其中,“技术向善引导型规则”“数字市场竞争规则”“个人信息保护规则”“技术非强制性转让规则”为技术性风险应对规则;“技术壁垒剔除型规则”和“技术合作鼓励型规则”为制度性风险应对规则。尽管六类规则在风险应对上各有侧重且彼此支撑,但在规则设计和具体实施上均面临严峻挑战。技术性风险应对规则存在“约束力”和“创新性”的不足;制度性风险应对规则在实践中也被有意无视或事实失效;规则发展受到主导国话语权不足的阻碍。基于国际地缘政治形势以及各主要经济体的人工智能治理实践,未来“贸易面向型”人工智能规则发展将会呈现“双轨并行”“内容升级”和“议题拓展”三大趋向,在全球人工智能治理中的重要性愈发凸显。作为数字贸易大国,中国也应积极参与人工智能国际合作,推动国内人工智能治理的制度创新,主动融入“贸易面向型”人工智能规则体系。The application of artificial intelligence(Al)in trade has given rise to many risks,which can be categorized into technical risks and institutional risks based on the technical system.In order to cope with the above risks,it has become the norm to embed Al rules in regional trade agreements and digital economic and trade agreementsi.e."trade-oriented"AIrules.Among them."ethical technology useoriented rules,"digital market competition rules,"personal information protection rules,"and"non-compulsory transfer of technology rules"are designed to address the technical risks,while the"technical barrier removal rules"and"technical cooperation encouragement rules"are institutional risk response rules.Although these six categories of rules have different focuses and complement each other in terms of risk response,they face significant challenges in both rule design and implementation.The technical risk response rules are insufficiently"binding"and"innovative";the institutional risk response rules are also intentionally ignored or de facto ineffective in practice;and the development of the rules is impeded by the insufficient discourse power of the dominant countries.Based on the international geopolitical situation and Al governance practices of major economies,the future development of"trade-oriented"Al rules will present paterns of"dual-track parallelism,"content upgrading"and"topic expansion"and its importance in global Al governance will become increasingly prominent.As a large digital trade country,China should also actively participate in international cooperation on Alpromote institutional innovation in domestic Al governance,and take the initiative to integrate into the"trade-oriented"AI rule system.

关 键 词：人工智能 人工智能规则 区域贸易协定 数字经贸协定 技术性风险 制度性风险 

分 类 号：F113[经济管理—国际贸易]