基于多源融合降水数据的雨量站网适用性评估方法  

Applicability evaluation method for rainfall gauge networks based on multi-source integrated rainfall data

作　　者：秦鼎超 张行南[1] 张自航 李佳 牟时宇 方园皓[1] QIN Dingchao;ZHANG Xingnan;ZHANG Zihang;LI Jia;MOU Shiyu;FANG Yuanhao(College of Hydrology and WaterResources,Hohai University,Nanjing 210098,China;Dadu River Hydropower Development Co.,Ltd.,Chengdu 610000,China)

机构地区：[1]河海大学水文水资源学院,江苏南京210098 [2]国能大渡河流域水电开发有限公司,四川成都610000

出　　处：《人民长江》2025年第3期106-115,共10页Yangtze River

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目“长江上游山坡径流模拟与山洪形成机理”(U2240216);中央高校业务费项目“地球系统模式次网格多元产流过程参数化方案研究”(B230201038);国家能源集团科技创新项目(SCZH-KY-2023-001)。

摘　　要：面雨量计算精度对水文预报结果有重要影响,雨量站分布是否合理决定面雨量计算的可靠性。传统雨量站网评价主要基于站网密度指标,缺少完整的指标体系。因此,基于多源融合降水数据CMPAS提供的降水空间分布信息,考虑降雨因素、下垫面因素等特征,提出了一套评估流域雨量站网适用性的方法。从站点实测降雨数据质量、站点分布、面雨量计算精度3个方面对雨量站网的适用性进行评估,并基于构建的评价体系对大渡河流域现有雨量站网进行论证。结果表明:①大渡河流域当前站网的面雨量计算精度受站网密度和降雨空间分布的综合影响,有9个分区面雨量计算相对误差大于10%,其中有5个分区位于下游区域。②上游区域面雨量整体小且分布均匀的分区即使站网稀疏,面雨量计算精度仍较高;中下游地区面雨量估计误差普遍较高,这与降雨空间变异性大以及站网整体沿河谷地带的不均匀分布有关。相较于传统重点分析雨量站分布密度的站网评估手段,该评价体系能更综合地评估流域站网分布情况。The accuracy of areal rainfall in computational unit is important for hydrological forecasts,and the reliability of areal rainfall largely depends on the configuration of rainfall gauge network.The conventional evaluation on rainfall gauge network is mainly based on the gauge network density,lacking comprehensive criterions.To address this issue,based on the spatial distribution of rainfall estimated by CMPAS,and considering the characteristics of rainfall and underlying surface factors,a set of methods for evaluating applicability of the rainfall gauge network is proposed,which includes three aspects:the quality of the data recorded by the gauge,the distribution of the station,and the calculation accuracy of areal rainfall.Based on the proposed evaluation criterions,the existing rainfall gauge network in the Dadu River Basin is evaluated.The results show that:①the calculation accuracy of areal rainfall of the current gauge network is affected by the combined influence of the gauge network density and the spatial distribution of rainfall.The relative error of areal rainfall calculation in 9 sub-basins is greater than 10%,of which 5 are in the downstream area.②In sub-regions of the upstream area,the overall areal rainfall is small and evenly distributed,in spite of a sparse gauge network,the calculation accuracy of areal rainfall remains relatively high;the average rainfall estimation errors in the middle and lower reaches are generally high,which is related to the large spatial variability of rainfall and the uneven distribution of the gauge network along the river valley.Compared with the conventional evaluation methods that focus on the distribution density of rain-gauge stations,criterions proposed in this paper can more comprehensively evaluate the distribution of gauge networks in the basin.

关 键 词：雨量站网 降雨空间分布 降水数据 CMPAS 大渡河流域 

分 类 号：TV125[水利工程—水文学及水资源]