“黑笔”与蒙古-突厥时期伊斯兰细密画中的中国风格  

“Siyah Qalam”and the Chinese Style in Islamic Miniature Paintings During the Mongol and Turko-Mongol Periods

作　　者：吴戈 Wu Ge(School of Art and Humanities,China Academy of Art)

机构地区：[1]中国美术学院艺术人文学院

出　　处：《美术》2025年第3期122-131,共10页Art Magazine

基　　金：2023年度国家社科基金艺术学青年项目《伊利汗国波斯细密画中的“中国风格”研究》(批准号:23CF192)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：本文探讨伊斯坦布尔托普卡帕宫所藏H.2153和H.2160两部合集中一系列署名为穆罕默德·“黑笔”的神秘作品,它们在风格上与传统伊斯兰细密画不同,受到中国风格的强烈影响,在图像学上则长期以来存在解读困难。本文探讨了其研究史与几种可能的创作语境,包括与沙哈鲁遣往中国的画师使者盖耶速丁、中亚的回鹘传统和苏非教团,以及白羊王朝两位著名画师的可能关联,尤其关注它们的中国参考物及其进入伊斯兰世界和被化用的方式。“黑笔”展示了15世纪前后伊斯兰细密画在非正式的、实验性的语境下所具有的丰富的可能性,这种语境由一度与“蒙古治世”联系起来又未被明确的意识形态所统治的地理和社会空间中具有一定随机性的文化交流所促成,并保留在“合集”这种较自由的载体中。这为重新审视中国风格进入伊斯兰细密画的途径、中国风格的定义,以及历史进程中艺术探索与融合背后的文化心态提供了契机。This article discusses a series of mysterious paintings signed by Muhammed“Siyah Qalam”in the two collections H.2153 and H.2160 of Topkap?Palace in Istanbul.Different in style from traditional Islamic miniature paintings,they were strongly influenced by Chinese style,and have long been difficult to interpret from the perspective of iconography.This article studies the research history and several possible creation contexts,including their possible connections with painter Khajeh Ghiyath al-Din Naqqash,an envoy sent by Shahrukh to China,Uyghur traditions and Sufism in Central Asia,and two famous painters of the White Sheep Turkomans,with a focus on Chinese paintings that they studied and the way these paintings were introduced and adapted in the Islamic world.“Siyah Qalam”demonstrates multiple possibilities of Islamic miniature paintings in an informal,experimental context around the 15th Century,which was facilitated by random cultural exchanges in a geographical and social space that was associated with“the rule of Mongol”but was not dominated by a certain ideology,and which was preserved in the free medium of“muraqqa‘/jung”.This provides an opportunity to reexamine the way the Chinese style was introduced into Islamic miniature paintings,the definition of the Chinese style,and the cultural mentality behind artistic exploration and integration.

关 键 词：穆罕默德·黑笔 伊斯兰艺术 波斯细密画 中国风格 东西交流 

分 类 号：J205[艺术—美术]