耐水高温隔热材料的制备、性能及应用  

High-Temperature Insulating Materials Tolerant to Water:Preparation,Properties and Applications

作　　者：简洋 姜勇刚[1] 冯军宗[1] 李良军 胡艺洁 冯坚[1] JIAN Yang;JIANG Yonggang;FENG Junzong;LI Liangjun;HU Yijie;FENG Jian(Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory,College of Aero-space Science and Engineering,National University of Defense Technology,Changsha 410073,China)

机构地区：[1]国防科技大学空天科学学院,新型陶瓷纤维及其复合材料重点实验室,长沙410073

出　　处：《硅酸盐学报》2025年第3期718-732,共15页Journal of The Chinese Ceramic Society

基　　金：湖南省重点研发计划项目(2022GK2027);湖南省自然科学基金(2023JJ30632);国防科技重点实验室基金(6142907230101)。

摘　　要：高温隔热材料兼具耐高温、低密度和低热导等性能,已广泛应用于航空航天、石油化工等领域,然而,高孔隙率使其极易吸水而导致隔热性能下降,因此,耐水高温隔热材料成为当前研究热点。本文综述了陶瓷纤维隔热瓦、陶瓷纤维隔热毡、氧化硅气凝胶3类常见高温隔热材料的耐水性能实现方法:陶瓷纤维瓦大多采用高发射涂层增强高温稳定性与防水性;陶瓷纤维毡通过静电纺丝和表面改性实现耐水性能;氧化硅气凝胶则通过有机疏水基团改性和水热辅助干燥等方法提升耐水性。本文还指出现阶段耐水材料面临的挑战,如开发更高温下使用的材料、简化耐水工艺、探索新型耐水隔热材料体系、进行材料智能设计和创新等,并展望了未来发展方向。兼具耐水性的高温隔热材料将在更多场景中发挥优势,实现更广泛应用。Novel high-temperature thermal insulation materials(i.e.,ceramic fiber insulation materials and aerogels)become research hotspots due to their low density,low thermal conductivity,and superior thermal insulation properties.Ceramic thermal insulation materials can be classified into two categories,i.e.,rigid ceramic thermal insulation tiles and flexible ceramic fiber thermal insulation blankets.Ceramic thermal insulation materials serve as one of the primary thermal protection materials on the surfaces of aerospace equipment due to their superior characteristics such as porosity,low thermal conductivity,high-temperature stability,and excellent mechanical properties.Aerogel is a lightweight material with a nano-porous structure.At atmospheric pressure,silica aerogel has the lowest thermal conductivity among any other insulators.In various applications,aerogel increasingly replaces more conventional materials.The skeleton and porous morphology of aerogel can be controlled in a nanoscale to provide various remarkable physical properties,such as ultra-low density,intense adsorption capacity,ultrahigh specific surface area,and ultralow thermal conductivity.However,the most existing thermal insulation materials are generally isotropic and hydrophilic,significantly limiting their applications in humid environments.The widely used high-temperature thermal insulation materials are typically porous structures,and their nanopores and high specific surface areas contribute to reducing thermal conductivity through a gas-phase heat transfer,thus having superior thermal insulation performance.Nevertheless,their thermal conductivity increases,and this trend intensifies with increasing ambient humidity when porous materials absorb moisture in humid environments,leading to a degraded thermal insulation performance.Moreover,in a direct contact with water,the nanoporous structure of the materials can collapse under capillary forces,causing a significant increase in thermal conductivity.This review comprehensively represents the imple

关 键 词：陶瓷纤维隔热瓦 陶瓷纤维隔热毡 气凝胶隔热材料 耐水 隔热 

分 类 号：TB332[一般工业技术—材料科学与工程]